What Is Liquid Crystal Display (LCD)?

Abbreviated LCD, liquid crystal display is a flat, thin display device that has replaced the older CRT display. LCD provides better picture quality and support for large resolutions.

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Generally, LCD refers to a type of monitor utilizing the LCD technology, but also flat-screen displays like those in laptops, calculators, digital cameras, digital watches, and other similar devices.

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There's also an FTP command that uses the letters 'LCD.' If that's what you're after, you can read more about it on Microsoft's website, but it doesn't have anything to do with computers or TV displays.

How Do LCD Screens Work?

As liquid crystal display would indicate, LCD screens use liquid crystals to switch pixels on and off to reveal a specific color. Liquid crystals are like a mixture between a solid and a liquid, where an electric current can be applied to change their state in order for a specific reaction to occur.

These liquid crystals can be thought of like a window shutter. When the shutter is open, light can easily pass through into the room. With LCD screens, when the crystals are aligned in a special way, they no longer allow that light through.

It's the back of an LCD screen that's responsible for shining light through the screen. In front of the light is a screen made up of pixels that are colored red, blue, or green. The liquid crystals are responsible for electronically turning a filter on or off in order to reveal a certain color to or keep that pixel black.

This means that LCD screens work by blocking light emanating from the back of the screen instead of creating the light themselves like how CRT screens work. This allows LCD monitors and TVs to use much less power than CRT ones.

LCD vs LED: What's the Difference?

LED stands for light-emitting diode. Although it has a different name than liquid crystal display, it's not something entirely different, but really just a different type of LCD screen.

The major difference between LCD and LED screens is how they provide backlighting. Backlighting refers to how the screen turns light on or off, something that's crucial for providing a great picture, especially between black and colored portions of the screen.

A regular LCD screen uses a cold cathode fluorescent lamp (CCFL) for backlighting purposes, while LED screens use more efficient and smaller light-emitting diodes (LED's). The difference is that CCFL-backlit LCDs can't always block out all black colors, in which case something like a black on white scene in a movie may not appear so black after all, while LED-backlit LCDs can localize the blackness for a much deeper contrast.

If you're having a hard time understanding this, just consider a dark movie scene as an example. In the scene is a really dark, black room with a closed door that's allowing some light through the bottom crack. An LCD screen with LED backlighting can pull it off better than CCFL backlighting screens because the former can turn on color for just the portion around the door, allowing all the rest of the screen to remain truly black.

Not every LED display is capable of dimming the screen locally, like you just read. It's usually full-array TV's (versus edge-lit ones) that support local dimming.

Additional Information on LCD

It's important to take special care when cleaning LCD screens, whether they be TVs, smartphones, computer monitors, etc.

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Unlike CRT monitors and TVs, LCD screens don't have a refresh rate. You might need to change the monitor's refresh rate setting on your CRT screen if eye strain is a problem, but it's not needed on the newer LCD screens.

Most LCD computer monitors have a connection for HDMI and DVI cables. Some still support VGA cables, but that's much less common. If your computer's video card only supports the older VGA connection, double-check that the LCD monitor has a connection for it. You might need to purchase a VGA to HDMI or VGA to DVI adapter so that both ends can be used on each device.

If there isn't anything showing up on your computer monitor, you can run through the steps in our How to Test a Computer Monitor That Isn't Working troubleshooting guide to find out why.

FAQ

• What is LCD burn-in?

  CRT hardware, LCD's predecessor, was famously susceptible to screen burn-in, a faint image imprinted on the electronic display that could not be removed.

• What is LCD conditioning?

  LCD conditioning solves minor problems that occur on LCD monitors, including persistent images or ghost images. The process involves flooding the screen or monitor with various colors (or with all white). Dell includes an image conditioning feature in its LCD monitors.

• What is the likely problem if you see small white, black, or colored spots on your LCD screen?

  If you see a black spot that never changes, it's likely a dead pixel and may require a professional repair or screen replacement. Stuck pixels are usually red, green, blue, or yellow (although they can be black in rare cases). A dead-pixel test distinguishes between stuck and dead pixels.

Stands for &#;Liquid Crystal Display.&#; LCD is a flat panel display technology commonly used in TVs and computer monitors. It is also used in screens for mobile devices, such as laptops, tablets, and smartphones.

LCD displays don&#;t just look different from bulky CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors, the way they operate is significantly different as well. Instead of firing electrons at a glass screen, an LCD has a backlight that provides light source to individual pixels arranged in a rectangular grid. Each pixel has a RGB (Red, Green, and Blue) sub-pixel that can be turned on or off. When all of a pixel&#;s sub-pixels are turned off, it appears black.

When all the sub-pixels are turned on 100%, it appears white. By adjusting the individual levels of red, green, and blue light, millions of color combinations are obtained.

How LCDs are Constructed?

An LCD screen includes a thin layer of liquid crystal material sandwiched between two electrodes on glass substrates, with two polarizers on each side. A polarizer is an optical filter that lets light waves of a specific polarization pass through while blocking light waves of other polarizations. The electrodes need to be transparent, so the most popular material is ITO (Indium Tin Oxide).

As LCD can&#;t emit light itself, normally a backlight is placed behind an LCD screen in order to be seen during the dark environment. The light sources for backlight can be LED (Light Emitting Diode) or CCFL (Cold Cathode Fluorescent Lamps). The LED backlight is most popular.  Of course, if you like to have a color display, a layer of color filter can be made into an LCD cell. The color filter consists of RGB color. You can also add a touch panel in front of an LCD.

Fig. 1 LCD Display Structure

How LCDs Work?

The first LCD panel technology in mass production is called TN (Twisted Nematic). The principle behind the LCDs is that when an electrical field is not applied to the liquid crystal molecules, the molecules twist 90 degrees in the LCD cell. When the light either from ambient light or from the backlight passes through the first polarizer, the light is polarized and twisted with the liquid crystal molecular layer. When it reaches the second polarizer, it is blocked. The viewer sees the display is black.

When an electric field is applied to the liquid crystal molecules, they are untwisted.  When the polarized light reaches the layer of liquid crystal molecules, the light passes straight through without being twisted. When it reaches the second polarizer, it will also pass through, the viewer sees the display is bright.

Because LCD technology uses electric fields instead of electric current (electron passes through), it has low power consumption.

A short Youtube video will explain how LCDs concisely and efficiently.

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