Aerosol spray dispenser

Dispensing system of an aerosol mist

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For the high-temperature explosive weapon also known as an aerosol bomb, see Thermobaric weapon

Aerosol spray is a type of dispensing system which creates an aerosol mist of liquid particles. It comprises a can or bottle that contains a payload, and a propellant under pressure. When the container's valve is opened, the payload is forced out of a small opening and emerges as an aerosol or mist.

Aerosol spray can

History

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The aerosol spray canister invented by USDA researchers, Lyle Goodhue and William Sullivan.

The concepts of aerosol probably go as far back as .[1] The first aerosol spray can patent was granted in Oslo in to Erik Rotheim, a Norwegian chemical engineer,[1][2] and a United States patent was granted for the invention in .[3] The patent rights were sold to a United States company for 100,000 Norwegian kroner.[4] The Norwegian Postal Service, Posten Norge, celebrated the invention by issuing a stamp in .

In , American Julian S. Kahn received a patent for a disposable spray can,[5][6] but the product remained largely undeveloped. Kahn's idea was to mix cream and a propellant from two sources to make whipped cream at home&#;not a true aerosol in that sense. Moreover, in , he disclaimed his first four claims, which were the foundation of his following patent claims.

It was not until that the aerosol spray can was first put to effective use by Americans Lyle Goodhue and William Sullivan of the United States Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, who are credited as the inventors of the modern spray can.[7][8] Their design of a refillable spray can, dubbed the aerosol bomb or bug bomb, is the ancestor of many commercial spray products. It was a hand-sized steel can charged with a liquefied gas under 75 pounds of pressure and a product to be expelled as a mist or a foam.[9] A public-service patent was issued on the invention and assigned to the Secretary of Agriculture for the free use of the people of the United States.[10] Pressurized by liquefied gas, which gave it propellant qualities, the small, portable can enabled soldiers to defend themselves against malaria-carrying mosquitoes by spraying inside tents and airplanes in the Pacific during World War II.[11] Goodhue and Sullivan received the first Erik Rotheim Gold Medal from the Federation of European Aerosol Associations on August 28, , in Oslo, Norway in recognition of their early patents and subsequent pioneering work with aerosol sprays.

In , three companies were granted licenses by the United States government to manufacture aerosol sprays. Two of the three companies, Chase Products Company and Claire Manufacturing, continue to manufacture aerosol sprays. The "crimp-on valve", used to control the spray in low-pressure aerosol sprays was developed in by Bronx machine shop proprietor Robert H. Abplanalp.[8][12]

In , Drs. Frank Sherwood Rowland and Mario J. Molina proposed that chlorofluorocarbons, used as propellants in aerosol sprays, contributed to the depletion of Earth's ozone layer.[13] In response to this theory, the U.S. Congress passed amendments to the Clean Air Act in authorizing the Environmental Protection Agency to regulate the presence of CFCs in the atmosphere.[14] The United Nations Environment Programme called for ozone layer research that same year, and, in , authorized a global framework convention on ozone layer protection.[15] In , Joe Farman, Brian G. Gardiner, and Jon Shanklin published the first scientific paper detailing the hole in the ozone layer.[16] That same year, the Vienna Convention was signed in response to the UN's authorization. Two years later, the Montreal Protocol, which regulated the production of CFCs was formally signed. It came into effect in .[15] The U.S. formally phased out CFCs in .[17]

Aerosol propellants

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If aerosol cans were simply filled with compressed gas, it would either need to be at a dangerously high pressure and require special pressure vessel design (like in gas cylinders), or the amount of payload in the can would be small, and rapidly deplete. Usually, the gas is the vapor of a liquid with boiling point slightly lower than room temperature. This means that inside the pressurized can, the vapor can exist in equilibrium with its bulk liquid at a pressure that is higher than atmospheric pressure (and able to expel the payload), but not dangerously high. As gas escapes, it is immediately replaced by evaporating liquid. Since the propellant exists in liquid form in the can, it should be miscible with the payload or dissolved in the payload. In gas dusters and freeze sprays, the payload itself acts as the propellant. The propellant in a gas duster can is not "compressed air" as sometimes assumed, but usually a haloalkane.

Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) were once often used as propellants,[18] but since the Montreal Protocol came into force in , they have been replaced in nearly every country due to the negative effects CFCs have on Earth's ozone layer. The most common replacements of CFCs are mixtures of volatile hydrocarbons, typically propane, n-butane and isobutane.[19] Dimethyl ether (DME) and methyl ethyl ether are also used. All these have the disadvantage of being flammable. Nitrous oxide and carbon dioxide are also used as propellants to deliver foodstuffs (for example, whipped cream and cooking spray). Medicinal aerosols such as asthma inhalers use hydrofluoroalkanes (HFA): either HFA 134a (1,1,1,2,-tetrafluoroethane) or HFA 227 (1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane) or combinations of the two. More recently, liquid hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) propellants have become more widely adopted in aerosol systems due to their relatively low vapor pressure, low global warming potential (GWP), and nonflammability.[20] Manual pump sprays can be used as an alternative to a stored propellant.

Liquid aerosol propellant filling machines require additional precautions, such as being mounted externally to the production warehouse in a gas house. Liquid aerosol propellant machines are typically constructed to comply with ATEX Zone II/2G regulations (classification Zone 1).[21]

Packaging

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A typical paint valve system will have a "female" valve, the stem being part of the top actuator. The valve can be preassembled with the valve cup and installed on the can as one piece, prior to pressure-filling. The actuator is added later.

Modern aerosol spray products have three major parts: the can, the valve and the actuator or button. The can is most commonly lacquered tinplate (steel with a layer of tin) and may be made of two or three pieces of metal crimped together. Aluminium cans are also common and are generally used for products that are more expensive or intended to have a more premium appearance, such as personal care products. The valve is crimped to the inside rim of the can, and the design of this component is important in determining the spray rate. The actuator is depressed by the user to open the valve; a spring closes the valve again when it is released. The shape and size of the nozzle in the actuator controls the aerosolized particle size and the spread of the aerosol spray.[22]

Non-propellant packaging alternatives

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True aerosol sprays release their propellant during use.[2][3] Some non-propellant alternatives include various spray bottles, squeeze bottles, and Bag on Valve (BoV) or Bag in Can (BiC) compressed gas aerosol systems.

Packaging that uses a piston barrier system by CCL Industries or EarthSafe by Crown Holdings is often selected for highly viscous products such as post-foaming hair gels, thick creams and lotions, food spreads and industrial products and sealants. The main benefit of this system is that it eliminates gas permeation and assures separation of the product from the propellant, maintaining the purity and integrity of the formulation throughout its consumer lifespan. The piston barrier system also provides a consistent flow rate with minimal product retention.

Another type of dispensing system is the bag-in-can (or BOV, bag-on-valve technology) system where the product is separated from the pressurizing agent with a hermetically sealed, multi-layered laminated pouch, which maintains complete formulation integrity so only pure product is dispensed.[23] Among its many benefits, the bag-in-can system extends a product's shelf life, is suitable for all-attitude, (360-degree) dispensing, quiet and non-chilling discharge. One key performance difference relative to true aerosol systems is that traditional BoV dispensing pressures, BoVs pressurized solely by pressurized gas) drops as the product is dispensed. This bag-in-can system is used in the packaging of pharmaceutical, industrial, household, pet care and other products that require complete separation between the product and the propellant or require near complete evacuation of thin to viscous formulations.

A later development is the 2K (two component) aerosol spray, with a main component stored in a main chamber, and a second component stored in an accessory container. When an applicator activates the 2K aerosol by breaking the accessory container, the two components mix. The 2K aerosol can is advantageous for delivery of reactive mixtures; for example, a 2K reactive mixture can use low molecular weight monomer, oligomer, and functionalized low molecular polymer to make a final cross-linked high molecular weight polymer. A 2K aerosol can increase solid contents and deliver high-performance polymer products, such as curable paints, foams, and adhesives.

Safety concerns

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Canned air / dusters do not contain air, and are dangerous, even deadly, to inhale.[24]

Aerosol cans have three main areas of health concern:

• Contents may be deliberately inhaled to achieve intoxication from the propellant (known as inhalant abuse or "huffing"). Calling them "canned air" or "cans of compressed air" could mislead the ignorant to think they are harmless; in fact, such misuse has caused deaths.[24]
• Aerosol burn injuries can be caused by the spraying of aerosol directly onto the skin, in a practice sometimes called "frosting".[25] Adiabatic expansion causes the aerosol contents to cool rapidly on exiting the can.
• The propellants in aerosol cans are typically combinations of ignitable gases and have been known to cause fires and explosions.[26] However, non-flammable compressed gases such as nitrogen and nitrous oxide have been widely adopted into a number of aerosol systems such as air fresheners and aerosolized whipped cream, as have non-flammable liquid propellants.[27]
• In later and through , a large number of consumer aerosols were recalled due to the presence of benzene in their finished products.[28] Where the recall was far reaching, Benzene is considered a trace contaminant in some but not all hydrocarbon propellants. Though rigorous testing at both the propellant manufacturer and the aerosol filling site, unsuitable aerosol propellants can be detected and destroyed prior to use in any finished products.

In the United States, non-empty aerosol cans are considered hazardous waste,[26] but are still considered "recyclable when empty" in US curbside recycling programs.[29]

Aerosol products in the European Union must comply with health and safety regulations as set out in Directive 75/324/EEC.[30] which established the "reversed epsilon" mark.[a] This marking is required for aerosol products over 50ml.[31] The same marking is also used in the United Kingdom, although the UKCA marking is planned to replace it in Great Britain.[32]

See also

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Notes

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1. ^

   U+025C

   ɜ

   LATIN SMALL LETTER REVERSED OPEN E

References

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If you&#;re like most people, you probably think of aerosol cans as those things that noxious spray paint and hair products come in. And while it&#;s true that aerosols have a long history of use in household cleaners and other commercial applications, many people don&#;t realize that aerosol cans have a ton of advantages over traditional liquid or solid forms of product delivery. In this blog post, we&#;ll take a look at some of the key benefits of using aerosol products.

Cost-Effective

One of the biggest reasons businesses use aerosol products is because they are so cost-effective. This is especially true if you&#;re talking about things like hair spray or nonstick cooking spray, but it applies to most other aerosol applications as well. This has to do with both production efficiencies and shipping costs. It&#;s much easier to fill an aerosol can full of a product than filling a plastic bottle or bucket, so production costs are less. Additionally, the product&#;s weight in the container is much lower for aerosols, which means that you pay significantly less for shipping.

Readily Available

One of the most convenient things about aerosol products is that they are readily available in virtually any store or business in your area. You can find them in grocery stores, pharmacies, discount retailers, and even corner shops. This makes it very easy to obtain whatever type of spray you might need to get a job done quickly and conveniently, without having to search high and low for a specialized store.

Environmental Benefits

Now, old aerosol products definitely have a bad reputation when it comes to the environment, and rightfully so. However, with bag on valve aerosol technology, you can reap all these other benefits of aerosol products without worrying about releasing harmful chemicals into the atmosphere. This type of aerosol packaging uses safer propellants, like compressed air or nitrogen. That makes new aerosols are also much better for the environment than many other product delivery forms. Because they don&#;t restrict use to a specific type of application, aerosol products have been used in everything from hair spray to cooking spray to furniture polish and more. Additionally, aerosol mist products are designed to be recycled, so you can feel good about using them, knowing that you&#;re doing your part to help the environment.

Versatile

Aerosol products are also very versatile, which is why they&#;re used in such a wide variety of applications. They can be used to dispense both liquid and solid products, and they can be sprayed in either a fine mist or a dense stream, depending on the user&#;s needs. This makes aerosols perfect for things like spray paint, but it also makes them a good choice for nonstick cooking spray and hair spray, among many other applications.

Clean and Efficient

Aerosols are also very clean and efficient to use. When you spray an aerosol can, the product is released in a fine mist covering a wide area. This means that you don&#;t have to use as much product to get the job done, saving time and money. Additionally, because the product is released in a mist, there is no risk of building up in one spot and causing a mess.

Promotes Efficiency

One of the most significant advantages that aerosol cans have over other forms of product delivery is that they promote efficiency on the user&#;s end. This is especially true for hair spray, but the nonstick cooking spray works in much the same way. The product is released in a fine mist that coats the target area when using an aerosol can. This means that you don&#;t have to use as much product to get the job done, saving time and money. Additionally, because the product is released in a mist, there is no risk of building up in one spot and causing a mess.

Easy to Use

Aerosols are also very easy to use, which is why they&#;re so popular in both commercial and household applications. All you have to do is point the can in the direction of the target area and press down on the nozzle. The product will be released in a fine mist, covering the target area quickly and easily with no extra pumping required.

To use aerosols:

• Point the can in the direction of the target area

• Press down on the nozzle

• The product will be released in a fine mist, covering the target area quickly and easily

Safety Focused

One of the most significant safety benefits of aerosol products over other product delivery forms is that they are designed to prevent any leakage onto your hands or face during use. With a traditional pump or trigger sprayer, there is always a risk of accidental discharge, which can result in the product getting into your eyes or onto your skin. This is not a problem with an aerosol mist, as the nozzle is specifically designed to prevent any leakage.

Portable

Aerosol products are also very portable, making them an excellent choice for camping and hiking. With an aerosol can, you don&#;t have to worry about bringing along a lot of extra weight, as the cans are designed to be lightweight and easy to transport. This makes them perfect for taking on the go, whether you&#;re going on a camping trip or just out for a day of hiking.

Compact and Lightweight

Another place where aerosol products shine is in their compact size and lightweight construction. Since they are designed to be portable, aerosols are somewhat smaller than traditional spray bottles or pump sprayers. This makes them easier to store, but it also means that you have more flexibility in transport. A small aerosol can is lightweight and easy to carry, which makes it perfect for taking with you on the go.

Available in a Variety of Colors and Sizes

Aerosols are also available in various colors and sizes, so you can find one that is perfect for your needs. Whether you need a large can for commercial applications or a small can for personal use, there is likely an aerosol can that will fit the bill. Additionally, many aerosol cans come in various colors, so you can choose a suitable product for the environment or application you plan to use it in. You can even find some cans that come with custom printing, so you can add your logo or design before using them.

Fast Acting

One of the best things about aerosols is that they are fast-acting. Once the product is released from the can, it will cover the target area quickly and easily. This means that you don&#;t have to spend a lot of time applying the product, which can be especially helpful when you&#;re in a hurry. You don&#;t have to worry about overspray or waste because the product is released in aerosol mist rather than as a traditional spray.

Long-Lasting

When aerosol products are used correctly, they can also provide a long-lasting effect. It is important to remember that all of the aerosol products won&#;t be released at once, and it takes time for the product to build upon your hair or skin. However, if you are patient and give the aerosol products a chance to work, you can see great results. Additionally, because aerosols are designed to be lightweight and portable, you can reapply them as needed throughout the day without worrying about carrying around a lot of extra weight.

Fully Recyclable

Another great thing about aerosol mist products is that they are fully recyclable. This means that once you&#;re finished using them, you can recycle the can and the product inside without any problems. Additionally, many aerosol cans come with a recycling symbol on them, so you know right away that they can be recycled. This helps reduce waste and ensure that your products are being used responsibly.

Contents Can Be Easily Removed

Another great thing about aerosol mist is that the contents can be easily removed. This means that if you need to clean the can, you can do so without any problems. Remove the nozzle and give the can a good shake. You can also use a brush or some other type of cleaning tool to get into all of the crevices. Once the can is clean, pop the nozzle back into place, and you&#;re ready to go.

Fits Easily in Your Pocket

One of the best things about aerosol products is that they can fit easily in your pocket. This makes them perfect for taking with you on the go, whether you&#;re traveling or just running errands. You can easily store them in a small bag or backpack, and they won&#;t take up a lot of space. Plus, because they are lightweight, you won&#;t have to worry about adding extra weight to your luggage.

Faster Action

Once the aerosol mist product is released from the can, it will cover the target area quickly and easily, making the fast-acting nature of an aerosol mist a key benefit. This means that you don&#;t have to spend a lot of time applying the product, which can be especially helpful when you&#;re in a hurry. You don&#;t have to worry about overspray or waste because the aerosol mist product is released in a mist rather than as a traditional spray.

Long-Lasting

When aerosols are used correctly, they can also provide a long-lasting effect. It is important to remember that all of the products won&#;t be released at once, and it takes time for the product to build upon your hair or skin. However, if you are patient and give the product a chance to work, you can see great results. Additionally, because aerosols are designed to be lightweight and portable, you can reapply them as needed throughout the day without worrying about carrying around a lot of extra weight.

Good Distribution

One of the best things about aerosol mist is that they provide good distribution. Once the product is out of the can, it will move through the air quickly and distribute across your hair or skin, resulting in consistent coverage. Because aerosol mist cans are designed to give you an even spray every time, these types of products can be beneficial when you&#;re trying to cover a large surface area. With bag-on-valve aerosols, you can even spray from any angle and get that same even distribution.

Low Maintenance

One of the best things about aerosol mist is that they are low maintenance. Since you don&#;t have to pump, pressurize, or squeeze them like traditional sprayers, it can be easy to use aerosol cans all over your body. This makes them great for quick touch-ups when you don&#;t have time to get in the shower or aren&#;t able to.

They Preserve Their Contents

This one is specific to bag-on-valve aerosol mists. With this technology, here are four layers in the bag that contains the product, and it never comes into contact with oxygen. This keeps the contents of the aerosol can well-sealed, and it means that these sorts of aerosol products will have a much longer shelf life than many other methods of distributing them. 

When these aerosol mist products are exposed to light and air, they can quickly lose effectiveness. However, by using an aerosol can, you can help to keep them sealed and protected until they are ready to be used. This can be especially helpful if you use aerosol sunscreen, which will be exposed to the sun almost immediately.

No Direct Association

One of the best things about aerosol mist products is that they have no direct association with a spray bottle. Spray bottles can be a great product, but if you aren&#;t careful, it is easy to get sunscreen or other types of medicaments everywhere except where you want them. Because aerosol products are designed to release their contents directly, you don&#;t have to worry about this happening. This makes them an excellent choice for use on your skin, hair, or any other surface.

The aerosol mist products may not be your first choice when you&#;re in the market for a new, dependable product. But if you are looking to save money and reduce waste, they may be what you need. Bag-on-valve aerosol products can help make sure that every last drop of product is used up before it goes wrong because there&#;s no way for anything like bacteria to settle on top of the liquid inside. They also create less air pollution than their counterparts, which means that not only will your home or office stay cleaner, but our environment will too.

 

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