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Everything You Need To Know To Find The Best Texanol

Author: Evelyn

Jun. 17, 2024

Making The Transition: Coalescing Aids For Latex Paint

It is really a shame that a latex paint has to dry. No matter how stable and perfectly formulated it may be, a latex paint must go through the traumatic transition of drying to form a functional paint film. It is at this crucial point of changing from liquid to solid state, or coalescence, that Texanol Ester-Alcohol from Eastman Chemical Co. can make the difference between success and failure.

Link to TJCY industrial chemical

To understand the function of coalescing aids, it is necessary to examine the film formation process of a latex paint (see Figure 1). The emulsified polymer that will ultimately form the paint film exists as tiny droplets of solid material dispersed in water. On a porous substrate, some water and - depending on solubility - some coalescing aid will migrate into the substrate. As the amount of water decreases during the drying process, the latex particles are forced closer and closer together. When the repulsive forces on the droplet surface can no longer keep the particles separated, the emulsion collapses, and the system solidifies.

If the latex particles are soft enough, they will fuse when the latex collapses and form a film. If the particles are too hard, fusion will not occur and the coating will crack, flake, or pulverize. The function of the coalescing aid in the formula is to make certain that the latex particles are soft enough at the point of coalescence to form a continuous film.

The ability of a polymer to form a film is a temperature-related phenomenon. Each polymer composition has a characteristic temperature below which it can no longer form a film. This is called the minimum film-formation temperature (MFFT) of the polymer. This property is normally measured using a MFFT bar apparatus according to ASTM Method D . Polymers with low MFFT values form films easily, but the films have undesirable properties for paint applications such as low durability or high surface tack. The polymers generally used in paint formation have MFFT values in the range of 15-45˚C. These emulsions form durable, nontacky films when dried above the MFFT; however, in the hands of a painter, latex paint may have to be applied at temperatures approaching 0˚C. To form a good film at temperatures below the MFFT of the base emulsion, it is necessary to add a coalescing aid to the system.

A coalescing aid is often referred to as a temporary plasticizer for a film-forming polymer. The function of the coalescent is to soften the polymer during the crucial period of fusion so that the individual particles will combine to form a continuous film. The coalescing aid must then slowly evaporate, thereby allowing the paint film to develop its maximum durability and appearance properties. An ideal coalescing aid must fulfill three criteria. First, the coalescent must be an active solvent for the base polymer of the system. Second, the coalescing aid must efficiently lower the MFFT of the system. Finally, a coalescent must have an evaporation rate much lower than that of water. In addition to these three properties, it is highly desirable that the coalescing aid has very low solubility in water. The following discussion will demonstrate how Texanol Ester-Alcohol (E-A) meets all of these requirements and explain why it is the most widely used coalescent for latex paint in the world.

The first requirement for a coalescing aid is compatibility with the base polymer. Compatibility is determined by examining the solubility of the polymer in the material. The chemical name of Texanol E-A is 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate. The chemical structure is shown in Figure 2. Texanol E-A includes both hydroxyl and ester functional groups in its structure. These groups give Texanol a structural resemblance to most of the polymers used in paint formulation. This chemical similarity makes Texanol a strong active solvent for almost all of the acrylic, polyvinyl acetate, and polyvinyl chloride polymers commonly used to formulate paint. Texanol is also highly hydrophobic. This is very important because in the paint system, Texanol is generally absorbed directly into the emulsified polymer particles where it is most effective in reducing the effective MFFT of the system.

One can confirm the compatibility of Texanol and a particular resin by consulting the Resin Solubility Chart from Eastman.1 This publication gives solubility information for many common coatings resins in Texanol. The nearly universal compatibility of Texanol is one of the features that enhances its use. In most cases it is not necessary to confirm the solubility of a given polymer in Texanol. It is only necessary to determine the desired level of addition.

The second characteristic that differentiates coalescing aids is efficiency. Each polymer has a characteristic glass-transition (Tg) temperature, which defines the baseline MFFT. When a compatible coalescing aid is combined with polymer, the MFFT of the polymer-coalescent system decreases as the coalescent concentration increases. At some level of addition, the MFFT of the system will reach the desired level of performance for the formulated paint.

The efficiency of the coalescing aid is sensitive to the structure of the polymer. In other words, the quantity of a given coalescing aid needed to achieve the desired performance level will change for every polymer type. For example, it may take 3% by weight of the solids of the system for a given coalescent to produce an MFFT of 10˚C. Another coalescent might require a 6% addition level to achieve the same 10˚C MFFT with the same polymer.

The efficiency of the coalescing aid is an important determinant of the final cost of the paint. The cost/benefit ratio for a given coalescent must be determined for each formulation. In the preceding example, the coalescing aid requiring a 3% addition level could cost twice as much as the material with a 6% addition level and have a cost/benefit ratio equal to the less expensive material. When other important considerations such as odor, gloss, color development, or VOC level of the paint are taken into account, the benefits of a more expensive coalescent may outweigh those of a lower cost material. While Texanol is sometimes not the most efficient coalescent available for a given system, when the total cost/benefit ratio and other factors are considered, Texanol has proven to be the material of choice worldwide.

To give an idea of the concentration of Texanol required in a paint system, the data in the table (p. 70) gives the response of two commonly used emulsions to the addition of Texanol. These results show that the quantity of coalescing aid required to achieve the common industry standard of 5˚C minimum application temperature depends on the latex composition.

The third important characteristic of a coalescing aid is a low rate of evaporation. Pure water at 0% relative humidity has an evaporation rate of 0.48 at 25˚C on the n-butyl acetate scale (n-BuAc=1). At 80% RH, the evaporation rate of water drops to 0.09 compared to n-butyl acetate. An effective coalescing aid must have a rate of evaporation significantly slower than water in any drying condition. Furthermore, the formation of a paint film with maximum durability requires the coalescing aid to remain in the film on the order of 100 hours at an effective concentration. The evaporation rate of Texanol is 0.002 on the n-butyl acetate scale. This slow evaporation rate assures that the Texanol will remain in the drying paint film for sufficient time to assure proper film formation.

The evaporation rate of Texanol makes it ideal for most flat or semi-gloss paint applications. In high-gloss paint, the concentration of base polymer and consequently the quantity of coalescent required is higher. In high-gloss applications, the evaporation rate of Texanol is too slow, possibly causing slow drying and a tacky paint surface. When the volatility of Texanol is too low, Eastman EEH is often the preferred coalescing aid. In these demanding applications, Eastman EEH is superior for two reasons. First, Eastman EEH is generally 20-30% more efficient than Texanol so the relative concentration of coalescing aid is less. Second, the evaporation rate of Eastman EEH is 0.003 (n-BuAc =1) or 50% faster than Texanol.

The final desirable property for a coalescing aid is low solubility in water. While there are many materials that are quite satisfactory in the other three criteria, water solubility can be a very significant factor in the final performance of a given coalescent in a paint formulation. Water solubility determines how a coalescing aid is partitioned in the paint system. In other words, water solubility determines exactly where the coalescing aid is concentrated in the paint.

A water-insoluble coalescing aid mainly concentrates inside and on the surface of the emulsion particles. When the emulsion collapses during drying, the coalescing aid is concentrated at the point of greatest effectiveness-dissolving and softening the polymer.

A water-soluble coalescent faces two problems. First, a water-soluble material tends to concentrate in the water phase of the emulsion. Figure 1 shows that when applied to a porous substrate, like most architectural construction materials, part of the coalescing aid migrates into the substrate and is not present for softening the polymer at the onset of coalescence. At some point, a water-soluble coalescing aid must combine with the polymer to be effective. Instead, water-soluble coalescing aids tend to be carried out of the system by the evaporating water due to azeotrope effects. Both of these problems can make a coalescing aid fail in actual paint application conditions when laboratory tests indicate good performance. Figures 3 and 4 show how a coalescent that works well in laboratory MFFT determinations can cause application problems because of its solubility in water.

In MFFT testing using the same latex, Eastman EB (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) is actually more efficient at reaching an MFFT of 4.5˚C than Texanol. In these samples, however, it is apparent that Eastman EB added at a level of 6 phr (6% based on the dry weight of the polymer) does not form an acceptable film at 4.5˚C when coated on a porous panel. The reason for this is that the complete solubility of Eastman EB in water makes a large difference in actual application performance even though testing on an MFFT Bar with a metal surface indicates that Eastman EB is more efficient than Texanol. On the other hand, the panel shown in Figure 4 containing the same 6 phr level of Texanol forms a completely continuous film of paint even in the difficult drying conditions of 4.5˚C and 95% relative humidity. Once again, the superior cost/ benefit ratio of Texanol wins out over a lower cost but less effective coalescing aid in an actual application.

In production paint formulation, there are several factors to consider in choosing the optimum level of Texanol. As discussed earlier, the efficiency of the coalescing aid must be determined for the particular latex in use. This is done by adding varying amounts of coalescing aid to the latex and measuring the MFFT of the system. Once the effect of the coalescing aid addition is known, it can be assumed that its concentration effects are linear and it is a simple matter to calculate the exact level of addition necessary to achieve a specified MFFT.



Users must consider the environmental conditions in which the paint will be applied in the selection of the exact level of coalescing aid addition. In general, one must consider the most severe temperature and humidity conditions that the product might encounter and formulate for those conditions. It is also important to consider that simply reaching the MFFT level desired may not be enough. The MFFT is the minimum temperature at which the system will form a continuous film. The quality of the film formed at the MFFT, however, is generally poor. The optimum quality and durability of the paint film are not achieved until a point approximately 5˚C above the MFFT of the system. For example, if the minimum environmental temperature expected for paint is 10˚C, it is necessary to formulate the paint for an MFFT of 5˚C to achieve the maximum durability of the paint in any anticipated application conditions. This concept is illustrated in Figure 5.

It is also important to consider that coalescence is a process that occurs over several days. Paint applied at a daytime temperature of 10˚C can easily be exposed to nighttime temperatures of 5˚C - when the most active coalescence of the film is occurring.

Although improvement of low-temperature drying is the property most commonly identified with coalescing aids, there are other important paint properties influenced by film formation. These properties include gloss, scrub resistance and color development. There are many systems in which the use of Texanol produces superior properties compared to other types of coalescing aids. For example, the properties of gloss and scrub resistance have been studied using a high-gloss paint formula, reference no. XG-74-4, developed by Rohm and Haas Co. In this study, four coalescing aids were evaluated: Texanol, Eastman EEH, Eastman DB, (diethylene glycol monobutyrate), and Dowanol

2

DPnB. Paint batches were prepared using the four coalescing aids at a concentration of 15 phr based on latex solids. The samples were then applied to test panels and allowed to dry for 48 hours at normal laboratory conditions of 25˚C/50% RH and 4.5˚C/95% RH. All of the samples were then aged at 25˚C/50% RH for 6 weeks. The 60˚ gloss of each sample was then measured using ASTM method D 523 and a BYK/Chemie Multigloss glossmeter.

In lab drying conditions, the gloss of the series of samples was almost equal. The results for 60˚ gloss ranged from a high of 73 for Texanol and Eastman EEH to 70 for Eastman EB to 65 for Dowanol DPnB. In the more severe low-temperature/high-humidity conditions, the results were much different. The sample produced with Texanol has a 60˚ gloss reading of 68 compared to 64 for Eastman EEH. The sample made with Eastman DB showed a 40 value and the paint film was grainy. The sample with Dowanol DPnB could not be tested because the paint gelled at 4.5˚ and could not be applied.

The scrub resistance test closely followed the 60˚ gloss results. The four paint samples were applied to test panels and allowed to dry for 48 hours at the two environmental conditions. The eight panels were then aged for six weeks at standard lab conditions and then tested for scrub resistance using ASTM method D . At normal lab conditions, the paint sample using Eastman DB was used as the control and had a resistance of 675 scrubs. Texanol resisted 1,350 scrubs or 200% of the control value. Eastman EEH lasted for 1,400 cycles (207%), and Dowanol DPnB held for 750 scrubs (111%). At the low-temperature/high-humidity conditions, the control using Eastman DB produced a grainy film but still developed scrub resistance of 570 cycles. Texanol produced a scrub resistance of 805 (141%), while Eastman EEH fell to 400 (70%). Once again, the sample using Dowanol DPnB gelled at 4.5˚C and could not be tested.

This study demonstrates that Texanol produced excellent results for 60˚gloss and scrub resistance even when applied in the most demanding conditions. It outperformed the more efficient Eastman EEH and the lower-cost Eastman DB in most of the tests. Although this study was limited to one paint formulation, it demonstrates again why Texanol is the preferred coalescing aid for most types of paint worldwide.

Another way Texanol improves the performance of paint systems is in the development of color. The coalescing aid in the system affects the surface roughness of the paint film. This in turn can change the reflectance of light from the film's surface and therefore the color of the dried paint film. The data shown in Figure 6 illustrates the effect of the coalescing aid on color development.

This test was made using flat latex paint samples tinted with a blue pigment and dried at 6˚C for 24 hours. The color of the samples was then measured with a Hunter D25D2 Color Difference Meter using the blue scale. The higher the number on the scale, the more intense the blue color. It is clear that the addition of Texanol noticeably improves the color development of the system. This effect obviously can have a major impact on color matching and the pigment concentrations needed to achieve a given color. Texanol has proven in many evaluations to provide superior and consistent color development over a range of application conditions compared to other coalescing aids.

In conclusion, the vast majority of emulsions used as paint bases require the help of a coalescing aid to develop a well-formed film with good durability properties and color over the whole range of possible application conditions. Once the lid is placed on the paint can, the manufacturer loses control of the product, and the final user will ultimately determine application conditions. Texanol Ester-Alcohol has proven to be one of the paint industry's most powerful tools to ensure that their products will perform as well for the painter as they do in the manufacturer's QA lab.



Links

Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) Market Insights ...

Market Overview and Report Coverage

Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) is a chemical compound used as a coalescing agent for water-borne latex paints. It helps in the film formation of paint by lowering the minimum film-forming temperature and improving the flow and leveling properties. Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) also enhances the stability and durability of paint, resulting in a better overall performance.

The current outlook of the Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) market is quite promising. The increasing demand for water-borne coatings in various industries, such as construction, automotive, and industrial manufacturing, is driving the market growth. The growing awareness regarding the environmental benefits of water-based paints and coatings is also fueling the demand for Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) as a coalescing agent.

Furthermore, the stringent regulations imposed by environmental authorities regarding the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in paints and coatings are creating a positive impact on the Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) market. As Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) has low VOC content, it is being increasingly preferred over traditional coalescing agents.

Making The Transition: Coalescing Aids For Latex Paint

It is really a shame that a latex paint has to dry. No matter how stable and perfectly formulated it may be, a latex paint must go through the traumatic transition of drying to form a functional paint film. It is at this crucial point of changing from liquid to solid state, or coalescence, that TexanolTexanol Ester-Alcohol from Eastman Chemical Co. can make the difference between success and failure.

To understand the function of coalescing aids, it is necessary to examine the film formation process of a latex paint (see Figure 1). The emulsified polymer that will ultimately form the paint film exists as tiny droplets of solid material dispersed in water. On a porous substrate, some water and - depending on solubility - some coalescing aid will migrate into the substrate. As the amount of water decreases during the drying process, the latex particles are forced closer and closer together. When the repulsive forces on the droplet surface can no longer keep the particles separated, the emulsion collapses, and the system solidifies.

If the latex particles are soft enough, they will fuse when the latex collapses and form a film. If the particles are too hard, fusion will not occur and the coating will crack, flake, or pulverize. The function of the coalescing aid in the formula is to make certain that the latex particles are soft enough at the point of coalescence to form a continuous film.

The ability of a polymer to form a film is a temperature-related phenomenon. Each polymer composition has a characteristic temperature below which it can no longer form a film. This is called the minimum film-formation temperature (MFFT) of the polymer. This property is normally measured using a MFFT bar apparatus according to ASTM Method D . Polymers with low MFFT values form films easily, but the films have undesirable properties for paint applications such as low durability or high surface tack. The polymers generally used in paint formation have MFFT values in the range of 15-45˚C. These emulsions form durable, nontacky films when dried above the MFFT; however, in the hands of a painter, latex paint may have to be applied at temperatures approaching 0˚C. To form a good film at temperatures below the MFFT of the base emulsion, it is necessary to add a coalescing aid to the system.

A coalescing aid is often referred to as a temporary plasticizer for a film-forming polymer. The function of the coalescent is to soften the polymer during the crucial period of fusion so that the individual particles will combine to form a continuous film. The coalescing aid must then slowly evaporate, thereby allowing the paint film to develop its maximum durability and appearance properties. An ideal coalescing aid must fulfill three criteria. First, the coalescent must be an active solvent for the base polymer of the system. Second, the coalescing aid must efficiently lower the MFFT of the system. Finally, a coalescent must have an evaporation rate much lower than that of water. In addition to these three properties, it is highly desirable that the coalescing aid has very low solubility in water. The following discussion will demonstrate how Texanol Ester-Alcohol (E-A) meets all of these requirements and explain why it is the most widely used coalescent for latex paint in the world.

The first requirement for a coalescing aid is compatibility with the base polymer. Compatibility is determined by examining the solubility of the polymer in the material. The chemical name of Texanol E-A is 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol monoisobutyrate. The chemical structure is shown in Figure 2. Texanol E-A includes both hydroxyl and ester functional groups in its structure. These groups give Texanol a structural resemblance to most of the polymers used in paint formulation. This chemical similarity makes Texanol a strong active solvent for almost all of the acrylic, polyvinyl acetate, and polyvinyl chloride polymers commonly used to formulate paint. Texanol is also highly hydrophobic. This is very important because in the paint system, Texanol is generally absorbed directly into the emulsified polymer particles where it is most effective in reducing the effective MFFT of the system.

One can confirm the compatibility of Texanol and a particular resin by consulting the Resin Solubility Chart from Eastman.1 This publication gives solubility information for many common coatings resins in Texanol. The nearly universal compatibility of Texanol is one of the features that enhances its use. In most cases it is not necessary to confirm the solubility of a given polymer in Texanol. It is only necessary to determine the desired level of addition.

The second characteristic that differentiates coalescing aids is efficiency. Each polymer has a characteristic glass-transition (Tg) temperature, which defines the baseline MFFT. When a compatible coalescing aid is combined with polymer, the MFFT of the polymer-coalescent system decreases as the coalescent concentration increases. At some level of addition, the MFFT of the system will reach the desired level of performance for the formulated paint.

The efficiency of the coalescing aid is sensitive to the structure of the polymer. In other words, the quantity of a given coalescing aid needed to achieve the desired performance level will change for every polymer type. For example, it may take 3% by weight of the solids of the system for a given coalescent to produce an MFFT of 10˚C. Another coalescent might require a 6% addition level to achieve the same 10˚C MFFT with the same polymer.

The efficiency of the coalescing aid is an important determinant of the final cost of the paint. The cost/benefit ratio for a given coalescent must be determined for each formulation. In the preceding example, the coalescing aid requiring a 3% addition level could cost twice as much as the material with a 6% addition level and have a cost/benefit ratio equal to the less expensive material. When other important considerations such as odor, gloss, color development, or VOC level of the paint are taken into account, the benefits of a more expensive coalescent may outweigh those of a lower cost material. While Texanol is sometimes not the most efficient coalescent available for a given system, when the total cost/benefit ratio and other factors are considered, Texanol has proven to be the material of choice worldwide.

To give an idea of the concentration of Texanol required in a paint system, the data in the table (p. 70) gives the response of two commonly used emulsions to the addition of Texanol. These results show that the quantity of coalescing aid required to achieve the common industry standard of 5˚C minimum application temperature depends on the latex composition.

The third important characteristic of a coalescing aid is a low rate of evaporation. Pure water at 0% relative humidity has an evaporation rate of 0.48 at 25˚C on the n-butyl acetate scale (n-BuAc=1). At 80% RH, the evaporation rate of water drops to 0.09 compared to n-butyl acetate. An effective coalescing aid must have a rate of evaporation significantly slower than water in any drying condition. Furthermore, the formation of a paint film with maximum durability requires the coalescing aid to remain in the film on the order of 100 hours at an effective concentration. The evaporation rate of Texanol is 0.002 on the n-butyl acetate scale. This slow evaporation rate assures that the Texanol will remain in the drying paint film for sufficient time to assure proper film formation.

The evaporation rate of Texanol makes it ideal for most flat or semi-gloss paint applications. In high-gloss paint, the concentration of base polymer and consequently the quantity of coalescent required is higher. In high-gloss applications, the evaporation rate of Texanol is too slow, possibly causing slow drying and a tacky paint surface. When the volatility of Texanol is too low, Eastman EEH is often the preferred coalescing aid. In these demanding applications, Eastman EEH is superior for two reasons. First, Eastman EEH is generally 20-30% more efficient than Texanol so the relative concentration of coalescing aid is less. Second, the evaporation rate of Eastman EEH is 0.003 (n-BuAc =1) or 50% faster than Texanol.

The final desirable property for a coalescing aid is low solubility in water. While there are many materials that are quite satisfactory in the other three criteria, water solubility can be a very significant factor in the final performance of a given coalescent in a paint formulation. Water solubility determines how a coalescing aid is partitioned in the paint system. In other words, water solubility determines exactly where the coalescing aid is concentrated in the paint.

A water-insoluble coalescing aid mainly concentrates inside and on the surface of the emulsion particles. When the emulsion collapses during drying, the coalescing aid is concentrated at the point of greatest effectiveness-dissolving and softening the polymer.

A water-soluble coalescent faces two problems. First, a water-soluble material tends to concentrate in the water phase of the emulsion. Figure 1 shows that when applied to a porous substrate, like most architectural construction materials, part of the coalescing aid migrates into the substrate and is not present for softening the polymer at the onset of coalescence. At some point, a water-soluble coalescing aid must combine with the polymer to be effective. Instead, water-soluble coalescing aids tend to be carried out of the system by the evaporating water due to azeotrope effects. Both of these problems can make a coalescing aid fail in actual paint application conditions when laboratory tests indicate good performance. Figures 3 and 4 show how a coalescent that works well in laboratory MFFT determinations can cause application problems because of its solubility in water.

In MFFT testing using the same latex, Eastman EB (ethylene glycol monobutyl ether) is actually more efficient at reaching an MFFT of 4.5˚C than Texanol. In these samples, however, it is apparent that Eastman EB added at a level of 6 phr (6% based on the dry weight of the polymer) does not form an acceptable film at 4.5˚C when coated on a porous panel. The reason for this is that the complete solubility of Eastman EB in water makes a large difference in actual application performance even though testing on an MFFT Bar with a metal surface indicates that Eastman EB is more efficient than Texanol. On the other hand, the panel shown in Figure 4 containing the same 6 phr level of Texanol forms a completely continuous film of paint even in the difficult drying conditions of 4.5˚C and 95% relative humidity. Once again, the superior cost/ benefit ratio of Texanol wins out over a lower cost but less effective coalescing aid in an actual application.

In production paint formulation, there are several factors to consider in choosing the optimum level of Texanol. As discussed earlier, the efficiency of the coalescing aid must be determined for the particular latex in use. This is done by adding varying amounts of coalescing aid to the latex and measuring the MFFT of the system. Once the effect of the coalescing aid addition is known, it can be assumed that its concentration effects are linear and it is a simple matter to calculate the exact level of addition necessary to achieve a specified MFFT.



Users must consider the environmental conditions in which the paint will be applied in the selection of the exact level of coalescing aid addition. In general, one must consider the most severe temperature and humidity conditions that the product might encounter and formulate for those conditions. It is also important to consider that simply reaching the MFFT level desired may not be enough. The MFFT is the minimum temperature at which the system will form a continuous film. The quality of the film formed at the MFFT, however, is generally poor. The optimum quality and durability of the paint film are not achieved until a point approximately 5˚C above the MFFT of the system. For example, if the minimum environmental temperature expected for paint is 10˚C, it is necessary to formulate the paint for an MFFT of 5˚C to achieve the maximum durability of the paint in any anticipated application conditions. This concept is illustrated in Figure 5.

It is also important to consider that coalescence is a process that occurs over several days. Paint applied at a daytime temperature of 10˚C can easily be exposed to nighttime temperatures of 5˚C - when the most active coalescence of the film is occurring.

Although improvement of low-temperature drying is the property most commonly identified with coalescing aids, there are other important paint properties influenced by film formation. These properties include gloss, scrub resistance and color development. There are many systems in which the use of Texanol produces superior properties compared to other types of coalescing aids. For example, the properties of gloss and scrub resistance have been studied using a high-gloss paint formula, reference no. XG-74-4, developed by Rohm and Haas Co. In this study, four coalescing aids were evaluated: Texanol, Eastman EEH, Eastman DB, (diethylene glycol monobutyrate), and Dowanol

2

DPnB. Paint batches were prepared using the four coalescing aids at a concentration of 15 phr based on latex solids. The samples were then applied to test panels and allowed to dry for 48 hours at normal laboratory conditions of 25˚C/50% RH and 4.5˚C/95% RH. All of the samples were then aged at 25˚C/50% RH for 6 weeks. The 60˚ gloss of each sample was then measured using ASTM method D 523 and a BYK/Chemie Multigloss glossmeter.

In lab drying conditions, the gloss of the series of samples was almost equal. The results for 60˚ gloss ranged from a high of 73 for Texanol and Eastman EEH to 70 for Eastman EB to 65 for Dowanol DPnB. In the more severe low-temperature/high-humidity conditions, the results were much different. The sample produced with Texanol has a 60˚ gloss reading of 68 compared to 64 for Eastman EEH. The sample made with Eastman DB showed a 40 value and the paint film was grainy. The sample with Dowanol DPnB could not be tested because the paint gelled at 4.5˚ and could not be applied.

The scrub resistance test closely followed the 60˚ gloss results. The four paint samples were applied to test panels and allowed to dry for 48 hours at the two environmental conditions. The eight panels were then aged for six weeks at standard lab conditions and then tested for scrub resistance using ASTM method D . At normal lab conditions, the paint sample using Eastman DB was used as the control and had a resistance of 675 scrubs. Texanol resisted 1,350 scrubs or 200% of the control value. Eastman EEH lasted for 1,400 cycles (207%), and Dowanol DPnB held for 750 scrubs (111%). At the low-temperature/high-humidity conditions, the control using Eastman DB produced a grainy film but still developed scrub resistance of 570 cycles. Texanol produced a scrub resistance of 805 (141%), while Eastman EEH fell to 400 (70%). Once again, the sample using Dowanol DPnB gelled at 4.5˚C and could not be tested.

This study demonstrates that Texanol produced excellent results for 60˚gloss and scrub resistance even when applied in the most demanding conditions. It outperformed the more efficient Eastman EEH and the lower-cost Eastman DB in most of the tests. Although this study was limited to one paint formulation, it demonstrates again why Texanol is the preferred coalescing aid for most types of paint worldwide.

Another way Texanol improves the performance of paint systems is in the development of color. The coalescing aid in the system affects the surface roughness of the paint film. This in turn can change the reflectance of light from the film's surface and therefore the color of the dried paint film. The data shown in Figure 6 illustrates the effect of the coalescing aid on color development.

This test was made using flat latex paint samples tinted with a blue pigment and dried at 6˚C for 24 hours. The color of the samples was then measured with a Hunter D25D2 Color Difference Meter using the blue scale. The higher the number on the scale, the more intense the blue color. It is clear that the addition of Texanol noticeably improves the color development of the system. This effect obviously can have a major impact on color matching and the pigment concentrations needed to achieve a given color. Texanol has proven in many evaluations to provide superior and consistent color development over a range of application conditions compared to other coalescing aids.

In conclusion, the vast majority of emulsions used as paint bases require the help of a coalescing aid to develop a well-formed film with good durability properties and color over the whole range of possible application conditions. Once the lid is placed on the paint can, the manufacturer loses control of the product, and the final user will ultimately determine application conditions. Texanol Ester-Alcohol has proven to be one of the paint industry's most powerful tools to ensure that their products will perform as well for the painter as they do in the manufacturer's QA lab.



Links

Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) Market Insights ...

Market Overview and Report Coverage

Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) is a chemical compound used as a coalescing agent for water-borne latex paints. It helps in the film formation of paint by lowering the minimum film-forming temperature and improving the flow and leveling properties. Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) also enhances the stability and durability of paint, resulting in a better overall performance.

The current outlook of the Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) market is quite promising. The increasing demand for water-borne coatings in various industries, such as construction, automotive, and industrial manufacturing, is driving the market growth. The growing awareness regarding the environmental benefits of water-based paints and coatings is also fueling the demand for Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) as a coalescing agent.

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hydroxypropyl methylcellulose
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Furthermore, the stringent regulations imposed by environmental authorities regarding the use of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in paints and coatings are creating a positive impact on the Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) market. As Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) has low VOC content, it is being increasingly preferred over traditional coalescing agents.

The future outlook of the Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) market is expected to be highly favorable. According to the given information, the market is projected to grow at a CAGR of % during the forecasted period. Factors such as urbanization, infrastructural development, and the increasing demand for eco-friendly paints and coatings are likely to drive the market growth.

Additionally, the rising disposable income and changing consumer preferences towards aesthetically pleasing and durable coatings are also anticipated to contribute to market expansion. The manufacturers are focusing on research and development activities to improve the performance and quality of Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12), which will further enhance its market demand.

Overall, considering the increasing demand for water-based paints and coatings, strict regulations regarding VOC emissions, and ongoing research and development efforts, the Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) market is expected to witness significant growth in the coming years.

Get a Sample PDF of the Report: https://www.reliableresearchreports.com/enquiry/request-sample/

 

Market Segmentation

The Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) Market Analysis by types is segmented into:

  • Purity &#; 98%
  • Purity &#; 98%

 

Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) is a chemical compound used in various industries. The market can be classified into two types based on purity levels. The first type consists of Texanol Ester Alcohol with a purity of equal to or greater than 98%. This high-purity segment is preferred by industries that demand top-quality products. The second type encompasses Texanol Ester Alcohol with a purity level lower than 98%. This lower-purity segment may be suitable for industries where budget constraints are a concern or where absolute purity is not a critical requirement.

Get a Sample PDF of the Report: https://www.reliableresearchreports.com/enquiry/request-sample/

 

The Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) Market Industry Research by Application is segmented into:

  • Coating
  • Latex Paint
  • Others

 

Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) is widely used in various industries due to its versatile properties. In the Coating market, it functions as a solvent, improving the flow and leveling of coatings, resulting in a smoother finish. In the Latex Paint market, it acts as a coalescent, enhancing the film formation and stability of latex paints. Furthermore, Texanol Ester Alcohol finds applications in various other industries, such as adhesives, inks, and cleaning agents, owing to its excellent solvency and low volatility characteristics. Overall, its multifunctional nature makes it a valuable ingredient in different sectors.

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In terms of Region, the Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) Market Players available by Region are:

  • North America: United StatesCanada
  • Europe: GermanyFranceU.K.ItalyRussia
  • Asia-Pacific: ChinaJapanSouth KoreaIndiaAustraliaChina TaiwanIndonesiaThailandMalaysia
  • Latin America: MexicoBrazilArgentina KoreaColombia
  • Middle East & Africa: TurkeySaudiArabiaUAEKorea

 

What are the Emerging Trends in the Global Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) market?

The global Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) market is witnessing several emerging trends. Firstly, there is a growing demand for environmentally-friendly and bio-based products, leading to increased adoption of Texanol Ester Alcohol as it is derived from natural sources. Secondly, advancements in manufacturing processes have allowed for the production of Texanol Ester Alcohol with improved quality and purity, expanding its potential applications in various industries. Additionally, the rising focus on sustainability and renewable resources has led to increased research and development activities in the Texanol Ester Alcohol market, aiming to further enhance its performance and reduce production costs. Overall, these trends are driving the growth and adoption of Texanol Ester Alcohol globally.

Inquire or Share Your Questions If Any Before Purchasing This Report- https://www.reliableresearchreports.com/enquiry/pre-order-enquiry/

 

Major Market Players

Texanol ester alcohol (CS-12) is a widely used chemical compound that finds application in industries like coatings, adhesives, and printing inks. The competitive market for Texanol ester alcohol is comprised of several key players, including Eastman, Monument Chemical, Hongye High-Tech, and Runtai Chemical.

Eastman is a leading global specialty chemical company that has been operating for over a century. The company has a strong presence in the Texanol ester alcohol market due to its high-quality products and innovative solutions. Eastman offers a wide range of Texanol ester alcohol products that cater to the diverse needs of its industrial customers. It has witnessed significant market growth over the years, driven by its focus on research and development and its commitment to sustainability.

Monument Chemical, a privately-held company, is another prominent player in the Texanol ester alcohol market. With more than 45 years of experience in the chemical industry, Monument Chemical has established itself as a reliable supplier of Texanol ester alcohol. The company focuses on providing customized solutions to meet the specific requirements of its customers. Monument Chemical has experienced steady market growth, thanks to its emphasis on product quality and customer satisfaction.

Hongye High-Tech is a leading manufacturer of Texanol ester alcohol in China. The company has been in operation for over 20 years and has earned a reputation for its high-quality products and competitive pricing. Hongye High-Tech has a strong presence in the domestic market and has also expanded its reach internationally. The company has experienced significant market growth due to its continuous investment in research and development and its ability to produce Texanol ester alcohol in large volumes to meet the growing demand.

Runtai Chemical is a key player in the Texanol ester alcohol market, serving customers globally. The company has a strong focus on product quality and customer satisfaction, which has contributed to its steady market growth. Runtai Chemical offers a diverse range of Texanol ester alcohol products that cater to various industrial applications. The company's commitment to sustainability and its efforts to reduce its environmental impact have also been key factors in its success in the market.

In terms of sales revenue, Eastman reported total revenues of $ billion in the fiscal year . Monument Chemical's sales revenue information is not publicly available since it is a privately-held company. Hongye High-Tech generated annual sales revenue of approximately $100 million in . Runtai Chemical's sales revenue information is also not publicly available.

Overall, the competitive Texanol ester alcohol market is driven by strong players such as Eastman, Monument Chemical, Hongye High-Tech, and Runtai Chemical. These companies have demonstrated market growth through their commitment to product quality, customer satisfaction, and continuous innovation.

Purchase this Report:  https://www.reliableresearchreports.com/purchase/

The future outlook of the Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) market is expected to be highly favorable. According to the given information, the market is projected to grow at a CAGR of % during the forecasted period. Factors such as urbanization, infrastructural development, and the increasing demand for eco-friendly paints and coatings are likely to drive the market growth.

Additionally, the rising disposable income and changing consumer preferences towards aesthetically pleasing and durable coatings are also anticipated to contribute to market expansion. The manufacturers are focusing on research and development activities to improve the performance and quality of Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12), which will further enhance its market demand.

Overall, considering the increasing demand for water-based paints and coatings, strict regulations regarding VOC emissions, and ongoing research and development efforts, the Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) market is expected to witness significant growth in the coming years.

Get a Sample PDF of the Report: https://www.reliableresearchreports.com/enquiry/request-sample/

 

Market Segmentation

The Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) Market Analysis by types is segmented into:

  • Purity &#; 98%
  • Purity &#; 98%

 

Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) is a chemical compound used in various industries. The market can be classified into two types based on purity levels. The first type consists of Texanol Ester Alcohol with a purity of equal to or greater than 98%. This high-purity segment is preferred by industries that demand top-quality products. The second type encompasses Texanol Ester Alcohol with a purity level lower than 98%. This lower-purity segment may be suitable for industries where budget constraints are a concern or where absolute purity is not a critical requirement.

Get a Sample PDF of the Report: https://www.reliableresearchreports.com/enquiry/request-sample/

 

The Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) Market Industry Research by Application is segmented into:

  • Coating
  • Latex Paint
  • Others

 

Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) is widely used in various industries due to its versatile properties. In the Coating market, it functions as a solvent, improving the flow and leveling of coatings, resulting in a smoother finish. In the Latex Paint market, it acts as a coalescent, enhancing the film formation and stability of latex paints. Furthermore, Texanol Ester Alcohol finds applications in various other industries, such as adhesives, inks, and cleaning agents, owing to its excellent solvency and low volatility characteristics. Overall, its multifunctional nature makes it a valuable ingredient in different sectors.

Purchase this Report:  https://www.reliableresearchreports.com/purchase/

 

In terms of Region, the Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) Market Players available by Region are:

  • North America: United StatesCanada
  • Europe: GermanyFranceU.K.ItalyRussia
  • Asia-Pacific: ChinaJapanSouth KoreaIndiaAustraliaChina TaiwanIndonesiaThailandMalaysia
  • Latin America: MexicoBrazilArgentina KoreaColombia
  • Middle East & Africa: TurkeySaudiArabiaUAEKorea

 

What are the Emerging Trends in the Global Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) market?

The global Texanol Ester Alcohol (CS-12) market is witnessing several emerging trends. Firstly, there is a growing demand for environmentally-friendly and bio-based products, leading to increased adoption of Texanol Ester Alcohol as it is derived from natural sources. Secondly, advancements in manufacturing processes have allowed for the production of Texanol Ester Alcohol with improved quality and purity, expanding its potential applications in various industries. Additionally, the rising focus on sustainability and renewable resources has led to increased research and development activities in the Texanol Ester Alcohol market, aiming to further enhance its performance and reduce production costs. Overall, these trends are driving the growth and adoption of Texanol Ester Alcohol globally.

Inquire or Share Your Questions If Any Before Purchasing This Report- https://www.reliableresearchreports.com/enquiry/pre-order-enquiry/

 

Major Market Players

Texanol ester alcohol (CS-12) is a widely used chemical compound that finds application in industries like coatings, adhesives, and printing inks. The competitive market for Texanol ester alcohol is comprised of several key players, including Eastman, Monument Chemical, Hongye High-Tech, and Runtai Chemical.

Eastman is a leading global specialty chemical company that has been operating for over a century. The company has a strong presence in the Texanol ester alcohol market due to its high-quality products and innovative solutions. Eastman offers a wide range of Texanol ester alcohol products that cater to the diverse needs of its industrial customers. It has witnessed significant market growth over the years, driven by its focus on research and development and its commitment to sustainability.

Monument Chemical, a privately-held company, is another prominent player in the Texanol ester alcohol market. With more than 45 years of experience in the chemical industry, Monument Chemical has established itself as a reliable supplier of Texanol ester alcohol. The company focuses on providing customized solutions to meet the specific requirements of its customers. Monument Chemical has experienced steady market growth, thanks to its emphasis on product quality and customer satisfaction.

Hongye High-Tech is a leading manufacturer of Texanol ester alcohol in China. The company has been in operation for over 20 years and has earned a reputation for its high-quality products and competitive pricing. Hongye High-Tech has a strong presence in the domestic market and has also expanded its reach internationally. The company has experienced significant market growth due to its continuous investment in research and development and its ability to produce Texanol ester alcohol in large volumes to meet the growing demand.

Runtai Chemical is a key player in the Texanol ester alcohol market, serving customers globally. The company has a strong focus on product quality and customer satisfaction, which has contributed to its steady market growth. Runtai Chemical offers a diverse range of Texanol ester alcohol products that cater to various industrial applications. The company's commitment to sustainability and its efforts to reduce its environmental impact have also been key factors in its success in the market.

In terms of sales revenue, Eastman reported total revenues of $ billion in the fiscal year . Monument Chemical's sales revenue information is not publicly available since it is a privately-held company. Hongye High-Tech generated annual sales revenue of approximately $100 million in . Runtai Chemical's sales revenue information is also not publicly available.

Overall, the competitive Texanol ester alcohol market is driven by strong players such as Eastman, Monument Chemical, Hongye High-Tech, and Runtai Chemical. These companies have demonstrated market growth through their commitment to product quality, customer satisfaction, and continuous innovation.

Purchase this Report:  https://www.reliableresearchreports.com/purchase/

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