Robotic Arms: Features and Applications | Top 3D Shop

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The growing need to reduce operating costs in factories is the main driving force behind the global robotics market. Cost reduction can be achieved by reducing errors in the production process, waste of raw materials, and the number of accidents, increasing the technological flexibility and productivity of the enterprise, improving working conditions and safety level. And that becomes possible with robot manipulators, which are used in most industries due to their ability to perform complex repetitive tasks with high accuracy even in hazardous conditions.

This is Top 3D Shop, and in this article, we will talk about robotic manipulators and examples of their application.

 

What is a robotic arm?

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A robotic arm is a type of industrial robot with functions similar to those of a human hand. The manipulator can be either an independent device or be part of a robotic complex. Its segments have connections that allow rotational (for example, in an articulated robot) or linear motion.

Read on to learn about the applications of robotic arms in detail.

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Application overview

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Robotic manipulators can be divided according to their areas of application in production, in descending order of their presence in industries.

 

Automotive industry

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For example, the Tesla plant is located on an area of 464.5 thousand m² and has more than 160 robots working on it, with the level of automation constantly increasing &#; robots install batteries, engines, the interior of cars, cables.

 

Electronics and electrical engineering

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The Yaskawa Motoman MH12 compact six-axis robotic arm assembles a computer's hard disk using a removable gripper.

 

Metalworking, mechanical engineering

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Grinding and finishing of milled molding tools such as car body dies or composite and plastic injection molds.

 

Chemical industry

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Kawasaki Heavy Industries developed the world's first stainless steel seven-degree-of-freedom robot. It will be used in drug detection and the chemical industry to automate experiments that use hazardous substances. Thanks to its stainless steel housing, it can be sterilized with hydrogen peroxide.

 

Medicine and pharmaceuticals

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The KUKA LBR Med is a robotic medical innovation. It is based on the accurate and lightweight LBR iiwa robot. With its sensory capabilities to increase safety, fast learning, and easy control, it is useful as an OR assistant.

The LBR Med is extremely sensitive. Thanks to torque sensors in the joint, the robot carefully touches the patient and automatically moves to the side when the doctor touches the device itself. On the other hand, it is very helpful for complex manipulations. Thanks to a special biocompatible coating, the robot ensures absolute sterility of the working surface.

 

Food and agriculture

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The Vegebot system for autonomous lettuce harvesting includes a portable computer with control software, the standard UR10 robotic arm with six degrees of freedom (DOF), two cameras, and an adjustable &#;hand&#; for different types of vegetables placed on a mobile platform.

 

Education

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The LEGO Mindstorms is a well-designed series of robotics learning tools. The extensive kitting capabilities and ease of assembly allow for a complete robotics lesson (introduction, assembly, programming, and testing) in a surprisingly short time.

 

Other areas

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The US Marine Corps is in the process of deploying the Usmc Eod Robot, a small, mobile robotic system that allows Marines to disarm explosive ordnance (EOD) and defuse improvised explosive devices. The robot can use its &#;arms&#; to climb small obstacles such as stairs.

 

How to choose a robotic manipulator

When choosing robotic manipulators for your production, you should pay attention to the following parameters:

• purpose
• form factor, weight, electrical specs
• number and size of "arms", radius of action, freedom degree
• payload
• path and static repeatability
• terms of use

 

Types of robot manipulators

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There is no unified classification of robotic manipulators. However, we can talk about the established division of robots in the market by a number of parameters.

 

By type of installation

Stationary

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This is the most common type of robotic manipulator on the market. Installation is possible at any angle. Such devices feature a high payload with a wide working range, as well as a large degree of freedom and versatility.

Mobile

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Such robots are not associated with any specific place of installation and can perform tasks both at any point of production and at a considerable distance. Mobile manipulators can be powered either permanently or autonomously, allowing for all-weather or underwater performance and operation in harsh or hazardous conditions, for example, mine clearance. Manipulators of this type are characterized by low weight and physical dimensions, they can be compactly stacked for transportation, being resistant to collisions with obstacles. Often, such robots are equipped with artificial intelligence systems. Their disadvantages include high cost and low payload (although there are exceptions).

Vertical (floor or ceiling mount)

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Whenever space is limited, you can use the Blastman 7-axis wall-mount robot. If necessary, it is possible to install two robots working on opposite walls. The main movements of wall-mounted robots are longitudinal and vertical. Sizes and designs can be tailored to the needs of the client.

Horizontal (portal)

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This is a demonstration of the ABB LX gantry manipulator tending to multiple machines. The length of the track for the robot can be up to 27 meters. When you need flexible service for three or more machines, this is the most economical solution.

 

By type of application

By the type of application, robots are divided into autonomous, working according to a given program without human participation, and collaborative, working together with a person and directly controlled by the operator.

Manual control

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Due to its sensitivity, the KUKA LBR iiwa can assemble flexible parts together with a person or independently.

Programmable (stand-alone)

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The Yaskawa Motoman is a unique compact 7-axis robot that is optimal for use in the automotive industry. The manipulator can be located in close proximity to objects to be processed and other robots, which allows for flexible production lines with a high density of placement. Using this device will shorten the size of the production line and reduce the welding time.

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Cobots are designed to interact with people in a shared workspace. Devices of this type are subject to increased safety requirements, implying the impossibility of injuring a person.

 

By functionality:

Soldering and welding

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Welding robots combine unparalleled quality with incredible arc stability at very low currents and high weld speeds.

Computer controlled arc parameters allow setting optimal welding conditions along the length of the weld, reducing the stress as the plate heats up during the weld cycle. Welding robots are often equipped with a rotating table that allows welding parts in any position.

Impact treatment

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Impact treatment smoothes milled surfaces, strengthens the material structure, and evenly distributes internal stresses. This allows for a surface smoothness of about 0.1 microns, which would not be possible with milling alone. Cold forging can increase the hardness of the material by up to 30%. Additional surface processing can often be entirely omitted. The automated hammering process replaces manual grinding and polishing operations.

Assembly and disassembly

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Robot manipulators are used in the assembly of products of any size.

When working with large-sized parts, robots, due to the exclusion of human labor, accelerate the production process and allow avoiding the use of additional lifting mechanisms. In the production of small items, they significantly increase the speed, accuracy, and quality of work.

Cleaning, painting, and dispensing

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Removing old paint or applying new one usually requires a team of several people. A robotic arm that can clean external surfaces with high pressure water jet or sandblasting and apply new layers of paint requires a maximum of one operator. In the case when the processing is carried out in an industrial environment, one operator can control the whole robotic complex at once. Unlike a human, with a robot you can be sure that the paint will be applied strictly in accordance with the required technology and perfectly even.

Milling and grinding

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A simple and flexible automated milling unit located in a small area, it combines the ideal precision of a milling and grinding machine with the flexibility of a 6-axis manipulator.

Cutting and processing

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Cutting and processing any material is a very traumatic job for humans. Robot manipulators are free of this and many other human shortcomings; in addition, they are able to perform this work with the highest accuracy, minimizing material loss and shortening processing time.

Construction

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Such manipulators can build objects with a high degree of accuracy, minimizing the loss of bricks and work 24 hours a day in any weather, without stopping to dry the mortar, since they use a special polymer glue instead of cement mortar.

Other functions

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It is simply impossible to list all the areas where robotic manipulators can be used. But it is safe to say that there are no areas of our life where the use of robots would be impossible. For example, this medical robot successfully performed eye surgery on a 70-year-old patient through a 1 mm incision.

 

Based on payload

0&#;20 kg

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Compact, fast, and high-precision industrial robots with low payload and working range &#; an efficient, reliable, budgetary, and fast payback solution. They are often available in Clean Room ISO 5 (Class 100) versions.

20&#;80 kg

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For more industrial robot arminformation, please contact us. We will provide professional answers.

These are high-performance, general-purpose robots optimized for repetitive fast operations. Robots of this type make it possible to create more compact production halls with an increased density of device assemblies and a consistently high quality of work.

80&#;300 kg

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These are designed for manufacturing environments that might be too harsh for standard robots and equipment. Robots of this type are distinguished by reduced wear, high reliability, ease of setup and control, and extended preventive maintenance intervals. 

300&#; kg

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This type is ideal for heavy duty applications regardless of the industry. Typical applications include handling heavy fixtures and objects, turning car bodies, handling parts in a foundry or forging, loading and unloading machines, and moving goods in warehouses.

&#; kg

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These real giants can easily and quickly handle the heaviest loads. They can be used for loading and unloading operations, moving the heaviest parts of machines, ships or locomotives with high precision. A wide range of working tools allows you to achieve high efficiency at a reasonable cost.

 

Case studies

Delta robots in the production of pancakes

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High-speed automated pancake packing (450 pieces per minute) at Honeytop Specialty Foods Ltd. with the ABB IRB 360 FlexPicker robots. The use of the machines allowed for a 20% increase in speed even compared to the most efficient workers, significantly reduced packaging time, increased safety in production, reduced product losses, and increased business profitability.

Notice how neatly the robot is laying out the pancakes that have fallen on top of each other &#; this is the work of the pattern recognition system integrated in the robot.

The flexibility of programming allows you to freely change the number of pancakes in the package.

 

A robotic arm for complex welding inside a pipe

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Task

A contract was awarded to a pipe seller in Mexico that required multiple welding processes. First, it was necessary to make welded baffles along the inner long seam of a pipe with a diameter of 46 cm up to 5 meters in length. Welding the baffle inside the pipe by hand, with a worker in a confined space, was time-consuming, inconvenient, and unsafe for the worker. The customer also required an arc welding process for the outer girth welds. Finally, he had a limited time and a tight budget, so he commissioned to design and build a MIG + SAW welding positioner with both functions built into one machine.

Solution

Customized design and engineering including custom designed narrow head MIG system and welding chamber.

Controls for SAW + MIG integration, camera system, column and boom manipulators. The result was a single dashboard that included all the necessary functions.

Equipment specifications:

• specialized column and rod with a retractable mast;
• one end of the rod is equipped with a welding positioner with an auxiliary arc system, which is supplemented by the supply and elimination of excess flux;
• the opposite end of the CaB manipulator is equipped with a specially designed narrow head MIG welding system and an arc welding chamber.

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Result

The customer does not need two separate welding stations.

Thanks to the specialized MIG system with a narrow head, it is no longer necessary to send the welder into a confined space, and all welding can be done from the outside of the part. Welding is carried out in automatic mode.

Round outside welds made with the arc system have a higher quality and stronger weld bead than "handheld" MIG or TIG ones.

 

A robotic welding complex for car bodies in the Volvo concern

Tasks

• Increase the productivity of Volvo cars, improve product quality.
• Increase the flexibility of production lines for the release of various new models.
• Reduce the occupied area, reduce manual labor, increase labor safety.
• Optimize equipment life cycle.

Result

Increased productivity and uptime of production lines. Reduced maintenance time and increased equipment service life. A more compact arrangement allowed the installation of additional equipment. The participation of people in production was minimized, which made it possible to reduce both wage costs and the risk of accidents.

Volvo Cars recorded significant revenue growth in , up 21% year-on-year.

 

A robotic arm to cut shapes from expanded polystyrene foam

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A robotic system for creating models from expanded polystyrene foam for the Australian company Special Patterns. Hot wire and milling are used as tools, removing dust around the work site. The robot employed is KUKA KR120 AA with the KUKA.CNC controller.

 

Spraying robots and the ITER international project

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Objective: to apply a copper coating on flat contact surfaces of electric aluminum busbars for the international project ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor).

How it was done: Acton LLC built a robotic complex consisting of the OWEN controller, a spray chamber, the Kawasaki RS006L robot, and the Kawasaki E01 controller.

 

Examples of recommended equipment

Investing in the xArm is a solution to gain a competitive advantage and a high return on investment in the future. The advanced robot is able to increase productivity by more than 95%, reducing labor costs and multiplying production outputs.

The xArm 6 features a 5 kg payload and a repeatability of about 0.1 mm. The device sports human-like flexibility and is ideal for new industries such as service automation, AI research, and more. The robot is designed to move in space at any angle, which makes it a perfect tool for repetitive tasks. For instance, it can be used to unload objects from a 3D printer &#; after the print job is complete, the xArm detects it using the computer vision system and automatically unloads the models.

 

The Jaka Zu 12 is a collaborative robot with a manipulator range of up to mm and a payload of 12 kg.

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Its integral connections simplify assembly and disassembly of the robot. Compact and lightweight, it can adapt to confined spaces, sports high accuracy, and meets all the necessary requirements for the implementation of numerous projects in an industrial environment.

The JAKA Zu 12 is characterized by a high payload and wide reach. It is suitable for replacing heavy manual loading and unloading, with flexibility and ease of use.

The recommended industries and applications for this cobot include automotive, advanced manufacturing, home appliances, food packaging, etc.

 

Bottom line

Industrial automation with robotics by all means result in increased productivity and profitability. Robotic manipulators by UFactory, KUKA, HANWHA, JAKA, Universal Robots, and other companies are used for the modernization of enterprises in the majority of industries. To pick the optimal set of robotic equipment for your particular purposes, contact Top 3D Shop specialists.

Industrial robots are designed for use in industrial automation. They&#;re programmable machines that are specifically used to automate production-related tasks.

Typically, several robots are installed in an assembly line, each responsible for a specific objective. For example, some pick and place workpieces, some interact with different equipment (such as a lathe or milling machine), and others perform assembly work. They can also be reprogrammed to perform different types of applications.

A robot is a system built from several sub-systems. These sub-systems interact with one another and the workspace (such as an assembly line) to perform specific tasks. 

Although industrial and service robots might perform different tasks, they share components and a common structure. In this article, we&#;ll learn about the components of an industrial robot or a robotic arm. 

Components

There are five main components of a robotic arm.

1. Manipulator arm

2. End-effector

3. Actuators and transmission

4. Controller

5. Sensors 

The robot/robotic arm is typically mounted on a fixed or mobile base. 

1. The manipulator arm

The manipulator arm is a programmable mechanical arm that functions similarly to a human arm. Its purpose is to move as required, providing reach in the workspace. It works as part of a complex robot or carries out independent tasks. Essentially, it&#;s a movable chain of successively coupled segments or links. 

The segments are called cross-slides, as they can move over one another in a workspace. One end of the manipulator remains fixed to the ground or base, and the other remains free to hold the end-effector. 

The manipulator arm is designed with a specific coordinate system, with several designs available. The simplest is a two or three-axis arm. The axis or degree of freedom refers to the independent movement of the segment or link. The point where two segments or links are coupled is called a joint. The segments are connected to one another by some lower pair connector.

Here are the types of lower-pair connectors or joints:

1. Revolute joint (R): has one degree of freedom (DOF), allowing relative rotational motion of the output link with the rotation axis perpendicular to the input and output link axis.

2. Prismatic joint (P): has one DOF, allowing a translational sliding motion between the input and output link. The axes of both links are parallel.

3. Helical joint (H): has one DOF, allowing rotational motion of the output link while translating about a screw axis perpendicular to the input link&#;s axis.

4. Cylindrical joint (C): has two DOFs &#; the first is the rotation of the output link, with an axis of rotation perpendicular to the axis of the input link. The second degree of freedom is the translational sliding motion of the output link along the axis perpendicular to the input link&#;s axis.

5. Universal joint (S): has two DOFs &#; the first is the rotation of the output link about the axis perpendicular to the input link&#;s axis. The second is the rotation of the input link about the axis perpendicular to the output link&#;s axis.

6. Spherical joint(T): has three DOFs &#; the first is the rotational motion of the output link about its own axis. The other two include the translational motion of the output link about the axes perpendicular to the input link&#;s axis.

Industrial robots are primarily designed in a body-wrist configuration. In a 6 DOF robotic arm, three links constitute the body placing the end-effector at the desired location in the workspace, and three links form the wrist of the manipulator putting the end-effector in the desired orientation. 

Revolute and prismatic joints connect most links in the manipulator arm. 

2. The end-effector

The end-effector is the gripper or arm tool mounted to the wrist of the manipulator arm. Depending upon the robot&#;s or robotic application&#;s task, a specific end-effector is attached to the wrist. For instance, there are different end-effectors for tasks related to material handling and material processing. 

There can also be different end-effectors for the same task. For example, gripping can be done in several ways, such as mechanical clamping, magnetic gripping, or suction gripping. Each method uses a different type of end-effector. 

3. Actuators and transmission

The actuators or drives are required to move the links about joints. The movement happens while carrying a desired payload by the robot. The payload could be an arm tool or a workpiece. 

There are three types of actuators or drives used to build industrial robots. 

1. Pneumatic drives: These actuators use compressed air to move the link about the joint. The motion could be translational or rotational. The pneumatic drives are typically used for linear or translational movements. They&#;re simple in construction, cost-effective, fast, and reliable. However, the drives are only suitable for small and light payloads, as there can sometimes be delayed movement and reduced repeatability.

2. Hydraulic drives: These drives use oil to move the link about the joint. The oil is pumped from a tank to the hydraulic actuator through a control valve. Both linear and rotational motion can be driven through these actuators. The hydraulic drives can move heavy payloads and are easy to maintain. They&#;re costly and are not always as accurate as other types of drives.

3. Electric drives: These are the electrical motors used to move the link about the joint. There are many different types of electrical motors, including brushless DC, stepper, DC servo, and reversible AC servo motors. The one used is based on the desired motion of the link and the required control and repeatability. The electrical motors are highly accurate, reliable, and can handle many payloads. The motors come with various price tags, depending on the features and given application.

Typically, transmission elements are required between the link and the drive. The actuator&#;s or drive&#;s output might exhibit different kinematics from the desired motion. For example, a DC motor produces rotational motion that must be converted to translational movement of the link. The actuator&#;s output might be unsuitable for applying to the link directly.

For example, a motor might have a high RPM output, but its RPM must be reduced or converted to the equivalent torque. Another case where transmission is required between the drive and the link is when the actuator is too big to fit along the link. In such cases, with a proper transmission, the drive is placed at a suitable location around the link, and any conflict between the movement of interconnected links is resolved.

4. The controller

A controller is a computing unit that controls the motion of links in a programmable manner. The controller could be microcontrollers, specialized controllers, or computers. 

The controller takes feedback from sensors, controlling the outputs of the actuators so the robot moves sequentially to accomplish its task. The sensors and actuators are interfaced with the controller through hardware interfaces. The controllers can also have a user interface for reprogramming or human inputs. 

5. Sensors

The sensors interact with the robot&#;s workspace and assess the movement and orientation of the manipulator arm and end-effector. The controller then considers further actions. 

Two types of sensors are used in building industrial robots, tactile and non-tactile. Tactile sensors make physical contact for sensing, generating analog or digital signals in proportion to the measure of the desired physical quantity. 

Tactile sensors include force, torque, pressure, touch, and position sensors. The non-tactile sensors make no physical contact for sensing but use a magnetic field, radio waves, or ultrasonic sound waves. Non-tactile sensors include proximity, imaging, range imaging, and optical sensors. 

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