Who is the supplier of battery separators?

Diagram of a battery with a polymer separator

A separator is a permeable membrane placed between a battery's anode and cathode. The main function of a separator is to keep the two electrodes apart to prevent electrical short circuits while also allowing the transport of ionic charge carriers that are needed to close the circuit during the passage of current in an electrochemical cell.[1]

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Separators are critical components in liquid electrolyte batteries. A separator generally consists of a polymeric membrane forming a microporous layer. It must be chemically and electrochemically stable with regard to the electrolyte and electrode materials and mechanically strong enough to withstand the high tension during battery construction. They are important to batteries because their structure and properties considerably affect the battery performance, including the batteries energy and power densities, cycle life, and safety.[2]

History

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Unlike many forms of technology, polymer separators were not developed specifically for batteries. They were instead spin-offs of existing technologies, which is why most are not optimized for the systems they are used in. Even though this may seem unfavorable, most polymer separators can be mass-produced at a low cost, because they are based on existing forms of technologies.[3] Yoshino and co-workers at Asahi Kasei first developed them for a prototype of secondary lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) in .

Schematic of a lithium ion battery

Initially, lithium cobalt oxide was used as the cathode and polyacetylene as the anode. Later in , it was found that using lithium cobalt oxide as the cathode and graphite as the anode produced an excellent secondary battery with enhanced stability, employing the frontier electron theory of Kenichi Fukui.[4] This enabled the development of portable devices, such as cell phones and laptops. However, before lithium ion batteries could be mass-produced, safety concerns needed to be addressed such as overheating and over potential. One key to ensuring safety was the separator between the cathode and anode. Yoshino developed a microporous polyethylene membrane separator with a &#;fuse&#; function.[5] In the case of abnormal heat generation within the battery cell, the separator provides a shutdown mechanism. The micropores close by melting and the ionic flow terminates. In , a novel electroactive polymer separator with the function of overcharge protection was first proposed by Denton and coauthors.[6] This kind of separator reversibly switches between insulating and conducting states. Changes in charge potential drive the switch. More recently, separators primarily provide charge transport and electrode separation.

Materials

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Materials include nonwoven fibers (cotton, nylon, polyesters, glass), polymer films (polyethylene, polypropylene, poly (tetrafluoroethylene), polyvinyl chloride), ceramic[7] and naturally occurring substances (rubber, asbestos, wood). Some separators employ polymeric materials with pores of less than 20 Å, generally too small for batteries. Both dry and wet processes are used for fabrication.[8][9]

Nonwovens consist of a manufactured sheet, web or mat of directionally or randomly oriented fibers.

Supported liquid membranes consist of a solid and liquid phase contained within a microporous separator.

Some polymer electrolytes form complexes with alkali metal salts, which produce ionic conductors that serve as solid electrolytes.

Solid ion conductors, can serve as both separator and the electrolyte.[10]

Separators can use a single or multiple layers/sheets of material.

Production

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Polymer separators generally are made from microporous polymer membranes. Such membranes are typically fabricated from a variety of inorganic, organic and naturally occurring materials. Pore sizes are typically larger than 50-100 Å.

Dry and wet processes are the most common separation production methods for polymeric membranes. The extrusion and stretching portions of these processes induce porosity and can serve as a means of mechanical strengthening.[11]

Membranes synthesized by dry processes are more suitable for higher power density, given their open and uniform pore structure, while those made by wet processes are offer more charge/discharge cycles because of their tortuous and interconnected pore structure. This helps to suppress the conversion of charge carriers into crystals on anodes during fast or low temperature charging.[12]

Dry process

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The dry process involves extruding, annealing and stretching steps. The final porosity depends on the morphology of the precursor film and the specifics of each step. The extruding step is generally carried out at a temperature higher than the melting point of the polymer resin. This is because the resins are melted to shape them into a uniaxially-oriented tubular film, called a precursor film. The structure and orientation of the precursor film depends on the processing conditions and the resin's characteristics. In the annealing process, the precursor is annealed at a temperature slightly lower than the polymer's melting point. The purpose of this step is to improve the crystalline structure. During stretching, the annealed film is deformed along the machine direction by a cold stretch followed by a hot stretch followed by relaxation. The cold stretch creates the pore structure by stretching the film at a lower temperature with a faster strain rate. The hot stretch increases pore sizes using a higher temperature and a slower strain rate. The relaxation step reduces internal stress within the film.[13][14]

The dry process is only suitable for polymers with high crystallinity. These include but are not limited to: semi-crystalline polyolefins, polyoxymethylene, and isotactic poly (4-methyl-1-pentene). One can also use blends of immiscible polymers, in which at least one polymer has a crystalline structure, such as polyethylene-polypropylene, polystyrene-polypropylene, and poly (ethylene terephthalate) - polypropylene blends.[9][15]

Dry Microstructure

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After processing, separators formed from the dry process possess a porous microstructure. While specific processing parameters (such as temperature and rolling speed) influence the final microstructure, generally, these separators have elongated, slit-like pores and thin fibrils that run parallel to the machine direction. These fibrils connect larger regions of semi-crystalline polymer, which run perpendicular to the machine direction.[11]

Wet process

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The wet process consists of mixing, heating, extruding, stretching and additive removal steps. The polymer resins are first mixed with, paraffin oil, antioxidant and other additives. The mixture is heated to produce a homogenous solution. The heated solution is pushed through a sheet die to make a gel-like film. The additives are then removed with a volatile solvent to form the microporous result.[16] This microporous result can then be stretched uniaxially (along the machine direction) or biaxially (along both the machine and transverse directions, providing further pore definition.[11]

The wet process is suitable for both crystalline and amorphous polymers. Wet process separators often use ultrahigh-molecular-weight polyethylene. The use of these polymers enables the batteries with favorable mechanical properties, while shutting it down when it becomes too hot.[17]

Wet Microstructure

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When subjected to biaxial stretching, separators formed from the wet process have rounded pores. These pores are dispersed throughout an interconnected polymer matrix.[11]

Choice of polymer

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The chemical structure of polypropylene The chemical structure of polyethylene

Specific types of polymers are ideal for the different types of synthesis. Most polymers currently used in battery separators are polyolefin based materials with semi-crystalline structure. Among them, polyethylene, polypropylene, PVC, and their blends such as polyethylene-polypropylene are widely used. Recently, graft polymers have been studied in an attempt to improve battery performance, including micro-porous poly(methyl methacrylate)-grafted[16] and siloxane grafted polyethylene separators, which show favorable surface morphology and electrochemical properties compared to conventional polyethylene separators. In addition, polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofiber webs can be synthesized as a separator to improve both ion conductivity and dimensional stability.[3] Another type of polymer separator, polytriphenylamine (PTPAn)-modified separator, is an electroactive separator with reversible overcharge protection.[6]

Placement

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Side view of a battery

The separator is always placed between the anode and the cathode. The pores of the separator are filled with the electrolyte and packaged for use.[18]

Essential properties

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Chemical stability

The separator material must be chemically stable against the electrolyte and electrode materials under the strongly reactive environments when the battery is fully charged. The separator should not degrade. Stability is assessed by use testing.[17]

Thickness

A battery separator must be thin to facilitate the battery's energy and power densities. A separator that is too thin can compromise mechanical strength and safety. Thickness should be uniform to support many charging cycles. 25.4 μm (1.0 mil) is generally the standard width. The thickness of a polymer separator can be measured using the T411 om-83 method developed under the auspices of the Technical Association of the Pulp and Paper Industry.[19]

Porosity

The separator must have sufficient pore density to hold liquid electrolyte that enables ions to move between the electrodes. Excessive porosity hinders the ability of the pores to close, which is vital to allow the separator to shut down an overheated battery. Porosity can be measured using liquid or gas absorption methods according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) D-. Typically, a Li-ion battery separator provides porosity of 40%.[12]

Pore size

Pore size must be smaller than the particle size of the electrode components, including the active materials and conducting additives. Ideally the pores should be uniformly distributed while also having a tortuous structure. This ensures a uniform current distribution throughout the separator while suppressing the growth of Li on the anode. The distribution and structure of pores can be analyzed using a Capillary Flow Porometer or a Scanning Electron Microscope.[20]

Permeability

The separator must not limit performance. Polymer separators typically increase the resistance of the electrolyte by a factor of four to five. The ratio of the resistance of the electrolyte-filled separator to the resistance of the electrolyte alone is called the MacMullin number. Air permeability can be used indirectly to estimate the MacMullin number. Air permeability is expressed in terms of the Gurley value, the time required for a specified amount of air to pass through a specified area of the separator under a specified pressure. The Gurley value reflects the tortuosity of the pores, when the porosity and thickness of the separator is fixed. A separator with uniform porosity is vital to battery life cycle. Deviations from uniform permeability produce uneven current density distribution, which causes the formation of crystals on the anode.[21][22]

Mechanical strength

There are multiple factors that contribute to the overall mechanical profile of a separator.

Tensile strength

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The separator must be strong enough to withstand the tension of the winding operation during battery assembly. Additionally, the separator must not change dimensions from a tensile stress, or the cathode and anode could come into contact, shorting the battery. Tensile strength is typically defined in both the machine (winding) direction and the transverse direction, in terms of Young&#;s modulus.[23] Large Young&#;s moduli in the machine direction provide dimensional stability, as strain is inversely proportional to strength.:[24] Tensile strength is highly dependent on separator processing and final microstructure. Dry processed separators have anisotropic strength profiles, having the greatest strength in the machine direction, due to the orientation of the fibrils that form via a crazing mechanism during processing. Wet processed separators have a more isotropic strength profile, having comparable values in both machine and transverse directions.[25][26][27]

Puncture strength

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To prevent electrical shorting (battery failure), the separator must not yield to stresses applied by particles or structures on its surface. Puncture strength is defined as applied force needed to force a probe through the separator.[24]

Wettability

The electrolyte must fill the entire battery assembly, requiring the separator to "wet" easily with the electrolyte. Furthermore, the electrolyte should be able to permanently wet the separator, preserving the cycle life. There is no generally accepted method used to test wettability, other than observation.[28]

Thermal stability

The separator must remain stable over a wide temperature range without curling or puckering, laying completely flat.[29]

Thermal shutdown

Separators in lithium-ion batteries must offer the ability to shut down at a temperature slightly lower than that at which thermal runaway occurs, while retaining its mechanical properties.[5]

Defects

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Many structural defects can form in polymer separators due to temperature changes. These structural defects can result in a thicker separators. Furthermore, there can be intrinsic defects in the polymers themselves, such as polyethylene often begins to deteriorate during the stages of polymerization, transportation, and storage.[30] Additionally, defects such as tears or holes can form during the synthesis of polymer separators. There are also other sources of defects can come from doping the polymer separator.[2]

Use in Li-ion Batteries

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Polymer separators, similar to battery separators in general, act as a separator of the anode and cathode in the Li-ion battery while also enabling the movement of ions through the cell. Additionally, many of the polymer separators, typically multilayer polymer separators, can act as &#;shutdown separators&#;, which are able to shut down the battery if it becomes too hot during the cycling process. These multilayered polymer separators are generally composed of one or more polyethylene layers which serve to shut down the battery and at least one polypropylene layer which acts as a form of mechanical support for the separator.[6][31]

Separators are also subjected to numerous stresses during battery assembly and battery usage.  Common stresses include tensile stresses from dry/wet processes and compressive stresses from the volumetric expansion of electrodes and required forces to ensure sufficient contact between components. Dendritic lithium growths are another common source of stress. These stresses are often applied concurrently, creating a complex stress field that separators must withstand.  Additionally, standard battery operation leads to the cyclic application of these stresses. These cyclic conditions can mechanically fatigue separators, which reduces strength, leading to eventual device failure.[32]

Other types of battery separators

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In addition to polymer separators, there are several other types of separators. There are nonwovens, which consist of a manufactured sheet, web, or mat of directionally or randomly oriented fibers. Supported liquid membranes, which consist of a solid and liquid phase contained within a microporous separator. Additionally there are also polymer electrolytes which can form complexes with different types of alkali metal salts, which results in the production of ionic conductors which serve as solid electrolytes. Another type of separator, a solid ion conductor, can serve as both a separator and the electrolyte in a battery.[10]

Plasma technology was used to modify a polyethylene membrane for enhanced adhesion, wettability and printability. These are usually performed by modifying the membrane on only its outermost several molecular levels. This allows the surface to behave differently without modifying the properties of the remainder. The surface was modified with acrylonitrile via a plasma coating technique. The resulting acrylonitrile-coated membrane was named PiAn-PE. The surface characterization demonstrated that PiAN-PE's enhanced adhesion resulted from the increased polar component of surface energy.[33]

The sealed rechargeable nickel-metal hydride battery offers significant performance and environmental friendliness above alkaline rechargeable batteries. Ni/MH, like the lithium-ion battery, provides high energy and power density with long cycle lives. This technology's greatest problem is its inherent high corrosion rate in aqueous solutions. The most commonly used separators are porous insulator films of polyolefin, nylon or cellophane. Acrylic compounds can be radiation-grafted onto these separators to make their properties more wettable and permeable. Zhijiang Cai and co-workers developed a solid polymer membrane gel separator. This was a polymerization product of one or more monomers selected from the group of water-soluble ethylenically unsaturated amides and acid. The polymer-based gel also includes a water swellable polymer, which acts as a reinforcing element. Ionic species are added to the solution and remain embedded in the gel after polymerization.

Ni/MH batteries of bipolar design (bipolar batteries) are being developed because they offer some advantages for applications as storage systems for electric vehicles. This solid polymer membrane gel separator could be useful for such applications in bipolar design. In other words, this design can help to avoid short-circuits occurring in liquid-electrolyte systems.[34]

Inorganic polymer separators have also been of interest as use in lithium-ion batteries. Inorganic particulate film/poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA)/inorganic particulate film trilayer separators are prepared by dip-coating inorganic particle layers on both sides of PMMA thin films. This inorganic trilayer membrane is believed to be an inexpensive, novel separator for application in lithium-ion batteries from increased dimensional and thermal stability.[35]

References

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The global battery separators market is projected to grow from USD 6.3 billion in to USD 13.0  billion by , at a CAGR of 15.7% during the forecast period. The primary function of battery separators is to separate the positive and negative electrodes by utilizing a polymeric membrane positioned between the charged anode and cathode. Widely applied in consumer electronics, industrial settings, and the automotive industry, these separators play a crucial role in battery technology.

Companies such as Asahi Kasei Corporation (Japan), ENTEK (US), Shanghai Energy New Materials Technology Co., Ltd. (China), SK ie technology (South Korea), Toray Industries, Inc. (Japan), and UBE Corporation (Japan) fall under the winners&#; category. These are leading players in the Battery separators market globally. These players have adopted the strategies of acquisitions, expansions, partnerships, and investments to increase their market shares.

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Asahi Kasei Corporation.

Asahi Kasei Corporation, a global Japanese chemical company, is a leading manufacturer of lithium-ion and lead-acid battery separators. Operating in four segments, including material and environmental solutions, the company produces separators such as Hinore, Celgard (lithium-ion), and Daramic (lead-acid). These separators are mainly used in automotive, laptops, smartphones, and other consumer electronics applications. With a strong global presence, the company is actively researching expanding production capacity in Europe and US to support local manufacturing and consumption of separators, focusing on the growth of the battery separator industry.

ENTEK

ENTEK is one of the major battery separator manufacturers in the world, producing three separator technologies, such as AGM, PE, and lithium separators. It leverages this wide range of products for energy storage applications worldwide, such as internal combustion and electric automobiles. For a variety of energy storage and other functional membrane applications, ENTEK manufactures a range of microporous membranes and high-performance materials. It also focusses on new technologies and product innovation. The membranes are used in energy storage, filtration, ion-selective barriers, and both hydrophobic and hydrophilic breathable barriers in medical and sports apparel.

The company designs and builds battery separator lines and parts with its in-house engineering, fabrication, and machining resources. ENTEK provides separators for stationery, SLI, start-stop, deep cycle, and power batteries. The company even offers customer solutions for compounding, fiber-plastic composites, bio resins, food packaging, and sheet extrusion. It provides mechanical and design engineering for plant and equipment manufacturing needs. ENTEK machinery and equipment are produced in Lebanon, Oregon. The company delivers high-performance materials worldwide through manufacturing facilities in US, UK, Japan, China, and Indonesia.

Shanghai Energy New Materials Technology Co., Ltd.

Shanghai Energy New Materials Technology Co., Ltd., also recognized as SEMCORP, is one of the key players in the global market for battery separators. Specializing in the production of wet process separators and coated separators designed for lithium-ion batteries. The company offers ceramic coating, PVDF coating, AFL coating, and high-temperature polymer coatings for high-energy-density chemistries such as the NMC system. The company&#;s other products are printing packages, packing boxes, liquid wrapping & high-grade wrapping papers, biaxially oriented polypropylene films, and other related products.

SK ie Technology

SK ie technology operates as a subsidiary of SK Innovation, is primarily involved in the production and sale of battery materials. The company offers information material solutions, electronic material solutions, and various products, including battery separators for IT devices, energy storage systems, and electric vehicle (EV) batteries. SK ie technology operates its business through two segments namely LiBS and new business. Within the LiBS segment, the company provides lithium-battery separators. The company has subsidiary manufacturing plants in China and Poland dedicated to producing separators for secondary batteries. The company operates separator production plants in Asia and Europe.

Toray Industries, Inc.

Toray Industries, Inc. is an integrated chemical company that integrates nanotechnology into its processes, leveraging organic synthetic chemistry, polymer chemistry, and biotechnology as core technologies. The company operates through six business segments namely, performance chemicals, life science, environmental engineering, carbon fiber & composite materials, fiber & textile, and others. Toray Industries, Inc. provides battery separators within the performance chemicals segment. In April , Toray completely absorbed its wholly owned  consolidated subsidiary, Toray Battery Separator Film Co., Ltd. (Toray BSF), specializing in the production and marketing of lithium-ion secondary batteries. This strategic move aimed to fortify the group's foundation and meet the growing demand in the lithium-ion battery separator business. Operating globally, Toray has a significant presence in Japan, China, North America, Asia Pacific, and Europe.

UBE Corporation

UBE Corporation is engaged in the manufacturing of a wide range of products utilized in vehicle components, digital appliances, pharmaceuticals, and household goods, in addition to buildings, structures, and other physical infrastructure. The company operates through four business segments, namely polymers & chemicals, specialty products, machinery, and others. The others segment includes purchase and sales, leasing, and control of real estate.

The company's primary line of business is polymers & chemicals, which range from basic chemicals to functionality products in cutting-edge fields and pharmaceuticals. It produces industrial equipment such as conveyors and grinders, as well as molding devices, including die-casting and injection molding machines. Additionally, the company builds steel and bridge structures. UBE offers battery separators under the chemicals segment.

UBE offers separator made of a microporous polyolefin film with a consistent microporous structure created using an innovative dry manufacturing method under polymers & chemicals. The separator is a crucial component of lithium-ion batteries, which is utilized in a variety of applications. The company has operations in North America, Europe, Middle East & Africa, Asia, and Latin America.

Related Reports:

Battery Separators Market by Battery Type (Lead Acid and Li-ion), Material (Polyethylene and Polypropylene), Technology (Dry and Wet), End-Use (Automotive, Consumer Electronics, Industrial), and Region - Global Forecast to

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