Questions You Should Know about Animal Husbandry Apparatus factory

Factory farming refers to a method of breeding and raising farmed animals for food with the goal of maximizing production and minimizing costs. But what does this mean in practice? In this article, you&#;ll find out everything you need to know about factory farming practices.

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Factory farms were created based on the assumption that the &#;factory&#; concept could be applied to animal farming.

This approach comes at the expense of animals, who are treated as commodities. To house such a large number of animals, these farms intensively confine them to small spaces such as cages or crates. They are unable to carry their natural behaviors inside the tiny pens. Most spend their lives inside a shed&#;never to feel the sunlight or breathe fresh air.

This is the reality for farmed animals used for meat, dairy and eggs.

The animals in the US who are currently factory&#;farmed include cows, pigs, chickens, hens and fish.

Factory Farming in the US: Living Conditions

Nearly 99 percent of farmed animals in the US are factory farmed. There are around 250,000 farms in the US. Every day, 23 million land animals are killed on these farms&#;around 266 every second. This number does not include farmed and wild aquatic animals. If they were, the number of animals killed would increase from 10 billion animals per year to 13.8 billion.

Despite this huge number, most of these animals are nowhere to be seen. They are kept inside farms with no windows and no indication as to what goes on inside their walls.

Photo represents the interior of a pig factory farm

Factory Farmed Chickens & Hens

Chickens Raised For Their Meat

Chickens are the most abused land animal on the planet. In the US, more than nine billion chickens are killed for their meat every year&#;over 25 million every day. 

They are bred to grow so big, so quickly that their legs and organs can&#;t keep up. They suffer from heart attacks, debilitating leg deformities and heart attacks. Those that survive are typically slaughtered at just 42 days old. 

Photos from Animal Equality&#;s investigation into an Italian chicken farm documenting the suffering of fast-growing chickens used for meat.

Chickens are not covered by the United States Humane Slaughter Act which protects from &#;needless suffering.&#; Chickens are killed using electrical water baths or gas. Electric water baths are used to stun the chicken before being killed. They are painfully hung upside down by their feet on a conveyor. They are carried to the water bath where their heads are dunked into electrified water. Their throats are then slit after exiting the bath.

Chickens are intelligent, living beings who feel fear and pain. Like humans and other animals, they want to live. This desire for life is the reason why many birds lift their heads during the stunning process to avoid the electrified water and are therefore slaughtered while still conscious. 

To date, Animal Equality has investigated over 40 chicken farms and slaughterhouses. In the US, an investigation inside a chicken hatchery showed live chicks being mutilated by fast-moving machinery. Newborn chicks were found with their bodies ripped open or crushed by equipment. More drowned on the factory floor in water and chemicals and in trays that ran through the facility&#;s washing machine.

This hatchery sells chickens to factory farms that supply stores like Target, Walmart, Costco and Kroger.

Hens Used For Their Eggs

Every year in the US, over 380 million hens are exploited for their eggs. 

Hens are selectively bred to produce the maximum number of eggs. Most hens are kept inside cages alongside sixty other birds for up to two years. Around 72 percent of hens used for eggs&#;over 273 million animals&#;are confined to these cages.

Because of the size of these cages, hens can&#;t even spread their wings or exhibit natural behaviors. On average, hens live in a space the size of a standard piece of paper. These living conditions cause frequent death of hens who are left to rot in the same space alongside living birds.

But that&#;s not all they have to endure. 

Hens often become aggressive toward each other because of stress. Instead of allowing them more space, the industry solves the problem by cutting their beaks&#;a process called &#;beak conditioning.&#; 

The US egg industry is also responsible for the killing of 250 million male chicks every year. These baby chicks are unable to produce eggs and are not one of the fast-growing breeds used for meat. So they are deemed useless by the industry and discarded by being ground up alive.

Animal Equality has investigated egg farms around the world. In , Animal Equality investigated a UK egg farm in West Sussex and found many of the hens were suffering from severe feather loss and were completely bald with raw skin. Others didn&#;t survive and their bodies were left to decay in cages alongside living hens.

Factory Farmed Cows 

Cows in The Dairy Industry

Every year, over 9 million cows are exploited for their milk in the US. 

Like humans, cows produce milk for their babies. The females are artificially impregnated just for milk production. When born, female calves will live the same sad life as their moms. The males&#;approximately 700 thousand of them&#;will be killed for veal.

The females are confined indoors and are forcibly walked back and forth to the milking stations. They are attached to machines that take the milk intended for their calves, who have been torn away an hour after birth to preserve the milk.

But that&#;s not all. The baby cows are kept separate from their mothers and confined to barren hutches. Nearly 60 percent of these calves are tied by the neck inside these stalls and are unable to perform the most basic behaviors. They are fed milk replacers while humans consume the milk intended for these babies. 

As these young cows get older, they go through painful mutilations. They are branded, dehorned and their tails are docked.

Cows are extremely maternal and social animals who can naturally live up to 20 years. However, on dairy farms, a cow is slaughtered when she can no longer produce milk&#;around three to four years old. She is sold for cheap meat or leather products. 

Animal Equality investigated a US dairy farm, exposing shocking neglect of baby cows at a Babybel supplier. The footage shows the suffering of dozens of baby cows who are freezing to death in negative 20-degree temperatures. Calves were shown dying from scours and pneumonia and left without veterinary care. Many had just been separated from their mothers as little as 30 minutes after birth. 

Factory Farmed Pigs

Over 130 million pigs are slaughtered each year in the US&#;over 350,000 each day. Most of them are factory farmed and kept indoors inside concrete or slatted floor pens. They are kept in confined spaces&#;with some farms housing up to 2,500 pigs in one building.

Pigs in factory farms are not able to fulfill their basic needs and behaviors. Mother pigs are confined in crates during pregnancy and again after giving birth for weeks on end. The crates allow no space to move or turn around, let alone care for their babies. The extremely limited spaces cause boredom and stress in these intelligent animals. Many painfully bite their brothers and sisters and sometimes even turn to cannibalism. For this reason, farmers often cut piglets&#; tails and clip their teeth, without giving them any painkillers. 

In May , we released an investigation inside a &#;quality assured&#; pig farm where we filmed piglets being hammered to death or slammed against the concrete floor.

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Help fund Animal Equality&#;s work to expose and end animal cruelty. Protect cows, pigs, chickens, and other animals today!

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Aquaculture: Farmed Fish

In the US, up to 3.8 billion fish are farmed and killed each year. That&#;s over 430,000 per hour. 

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There is clear scientific evidence that fish feel pain and can suffer just like other animals. They also have the ability to form complex social groups. Yet farmed fish do not receive the same legal protections as most farmed land animals. There are currently no specific requirements as to how they should be handled or killed. 

The majority of fish eaten today are raised on aquafarms, where they spend most of their lives confined in tightly packed environments. In these settings, fish can suffer up to two years in water with high levels of ammonia and nitrates.

These fish are commonly infested with parasites that feed on their blood, organs and gills. Bacterial infections have been found to run rampant on these farms.

In the fall of , Animal Equality went undercover at a US catfish slaughterhouse&#;Simmons Farm Raised Catfish. Simmons claims &#;humane&#; standards for stunning and killing&#;stating the fish are processed &#;within 30 minutes&#; and in a &#;swift {and} sterile&#; manner. Instead, investigative footage showed fish left out of water&#;gasping for air&#;for up to an hour. Many are ineffectively stunned before reaching the beheading machine to be killed while conscious. 

The company supplies US grocery stores like Piggly Wiggly, Save A Lot and Kroger and restaurant chains Captain D&#;s and Cracker Barrel. 

Factory Farming in the US: Regulations

Current Regulations

In the US, there are only two federal laws protecting farmed animals but only during transport and slaughter. 

The Twenty-Eight Hour Law sets a bare minimum standard for farmed animals on live transports to farms and slaughterhouses. It simply states that if they are being transported for more than 28 consecutive hours, the animals must be offloaded for at least five hours.

The Humane Slaughter Act requires slaughterers to stun some animals before they are slaughtered. The Act declares that its aim is to &#;prevent needless suffering&#; by inducing the loss of consciousness in animals before being killed. Chickens are not recognized under this law&#;yet are the most abused animal on factory farms.

Enforcement

For any policies or welfare standards to have a direct effect on the lives of animals, appropriate enforcement measures need to be in place. The laws must be monitored and, where illegality is discovered, those involved must be held accountable.

Without proper enforcement, vulnerable animals are left even more vulnerable. And the animal agriculture industry is given even greater power and autonomy, knowing that laws can be broken with few consequences. 

In the US, the USDA&#;s Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS) is the main authority that monitors federal compliance with animal welfare standards. But in , the USDA passed a ruling to reduce the number of inspectors in slaughterhouses by 40 percent. This new rule would allow slaughterhouses the authority to monitor its own compliance with animal welfare and health standards.

Animal Equality sues the USDA over the new rule that gives slaughterhouses the authority to monitor themselves.

The Department of Justice (DOJ) and the Department of Traffic (DOT) are responsible for overseeing the Twenty-Eight Hour Law. The Animal Welfare Institute found this law is rarely enforced by the DOJ and DOT.

When local laws are violated, local authorities are responsible for initiating formal enforcement action, which may or may not lead to prosecution.

Animal Equality&#;s Findings

Animal Equality has investigated over 800 facilities across 13 countries, extreme suffering or deliberate cruelty in each and every one of them. 

When there are laws in place to protect farmed animals, we must demand that the relevant authorities ensure that these laws are enforced. We cannot rely solely on animal protection organizations to bring to light violations and illegalities.

We must fight for the animals trapped in this cruel system by putting an end to the system altogether. When you share Animal Equality&#;s news stories and investigations on social media, donate to support our brave investigators, or sign a petition, you are changing the future for farmed animals. And each time you choose plant-based alternatives to animal food products, you are directly eliminating animal abuse.

By signing a petition, you are denouncing some of the worst abuses to animals on factory farms. Now, it&#;s time to end factory farming.

Please sign and share our petition:

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Factory Farming: Alternatives

Although industrial farms cause the most suffering to animals, all forms of animal agriculture exploit the animals. 

Animal Equality has investigated organic, intensive, and free-range farms and documented animal abuse in each of them.

Regardless of where animals are raised, they all end up in the same slaughter facilities, where they too often die a painful and frightening death. 

For this reason, the best way to help animals is to adopt a plant-based diet.

LIVE KINDLY

With rich emotional lives and unbreakable family bonds, farmed animals deserve to be protected.

You can build a kinder world by replacing animal food products with plant&#;based ones.

Protect animals

Develop a Business Plan and SWOT Analysis

It is important to remember that a dairy farm is a business. Development of detailed business plan and a SWOT analysis (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) of your plan and the resources you have available will be critical to the success of your business. How many cows will you milk? Where will you market your milk? Will you hire employees? How much money do you need to live on after the dairy bills are all paid? Your business plan should include a cash flow plan that will help you set reasonable expectations for your expenses and cost of production.

Consult the Experts

Even if you grew up on a dairy and learned how to feed and milk cows from your parents and grandparents it is important to consult experts in the dairy industry as you develop your business plan and design your management system. Other dairy producers are great resources. Attend field days and open houses on dairy farms in your area and other parts of the state or country. When visiting other farms find out what has worked well on those farms and what has not worked, but keep in mind that just because something worked on one farm does not mean it will work for you on your farm. In addition to farmers, talk to veterinarians, nutritionists, agronomists, bankers, extension educators, and others that can provide different perspectives on management of your dairy.

Create a Cropping and Feeding Program

Whether you are going to feed a TMR (total mixed ration), graze your cattle, or some combination of both; dairy cattle require a certain set of nutrients to support themselves, produce milk, and grow a calf. Work with a nutritionist to develop rations for your lactating cows and dry cows and heifers if these animals are to be raised on the farm. Many dairy farms in Pennsylvania produce most if not all their own forages and many of their concentrate (grain) needs. Raising all your own feed takes land and time, not to mention equipment for planting and harvesting the crops. Hiring custom operators to plant and harvest crops, or making arrangements with neighbors to share equipment and labor can reduce your capital investment as you get started with your dairy business and are building capital. Double cropping systems, with small grain crops following corn silage, are used successfully on many Pennsylvania farms.

Create a Waste Management Plan

Dairy cattle produce a lot of manure. While this manure is often referred to as waste, if managed and used properly it can be a great resource on the farm. Manure management will be tied closely to your cropping and feeding program. If you are able to use a double cropping system on your farm it will not only allow you to produce more feed but will also allow you to apply more manure to your land. Alternatives to direct land application of manure include composting and anaerobic digestion of manure, while these options may provide additional revenue and other benefits to your dairy they will also increase the capital investment required to get your dairy started. Every farm will need a manure management plan, but depending on the size of your farm a nutrient management plan may also be required. Check with your county Conservation District or local Extension office for more information.

Build Your Equity Over Time

Dairy farming requires a large capital investment. Land, buildings, equipment, and cows are expensive and few new dairy farmers will have the capital required to purchase everything when they get started in business. Many beginning farmers begin by purchasing their cows first and renting the farm and land. These initial animals are your farms equity.

Dairy Farming is a Biological System

The dairy farm is dependent on the cow's ability to live a healthy life, produce milk, and have calves that can become the next generation of the farm. Dairy farming requires detailed programs for herd health, reproduction and calf care in addition to the nutrition and financial aspects on the farm. Working with your veterinarian, genetics representatives and extension agents can help you develop comprehensive farm plans to create a positive future.

One Size Does Not Fit All

All dairy farms are different based on the producer's wishes, resource requirements, market needs and more. Multiple systems exist and can be profitable. Some producers contract out their replacements to a custom heifer raiser while others diversify by selling crops, raising steers or creating a home-bottling plant. How you farm will depend on your desires, resources, and drive.

You are a Manager First

All these previous items are just pieces of the puzzle. In order to succeed you will need to combine each aspect of management into a whole farm plan. However, you don't need to do it all. Work with trusted consultants to help you build a plan, and stick with your strengths. If you love milking cows but hate planting corn, find someone to work with who does, or contract that work out to a third party. Consider creating a farm management team or profit team that engages your consultants to be active participants in the farm's progress.

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